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ESA3: GI System > Session 2: Setting The Scene - Physiology > Flashcards

Session 2: Setting The Scene - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What neurotransmitter do all preganglionic fibres of the ANS release?

A

Acetyl choline

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2
Q

Overall what sort of effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the gut?

A

Negative - reduces blood flow to it

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3
Q

Which thoracic nerves form the greater splanchnic nerve?

A

T5-T9

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4
Q

Which thoracic nerves form the lesser splanchnic nerve?

A

T10-T11

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5
Q

What thoracic nerve forms the least splanchnic nerve?

A

T12

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6
Q

What nerve supplies innervation to the hindgut?

A

Least splanchnic nerve

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7
Q

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve supply?

A

Midgut

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8
Q

Which nerve supplies the foregut?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve

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9
Q

Which of the vagus nerves is anterior?

A

Left vagal nerve

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10
Q

Which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the gut?

A

Vagus nerve

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

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11
Q

Give two peptides that the parasympathetic fibres of the GI system release

A

Gastrin releasing peptide

Vaso-inhibitory peptide

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12
Q

Which division of the ANS does the pelvic splanchnic nerve come under?

A

Parasympathetic

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13
Q

Where is Meissner’s plexus located?

A

Submucosa of the GI tract

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14
Q

What is Meissner’s plexus responsible for?

A

Control of secretions and blood flow

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15
Q

Where is Auerbach’s (the myenteric) plexus located?

A

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle of the GI tract

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16
Q

What is Auerbach’s plexus responsible for?

A

Maintaining motility in the GI tract (muscular action)

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17
Q

What cells in the gut secrete histamine?

A

Enterochromaffin Like Cells (ECL cells)

18
Q

What two categories are the gastrointestinal hormones broadly split into?

A

Gastrin family

Secretin family

19
Q

Where is gastrin released from?

A

G cells in the antrum of the stomach

20
Q

Where is CCK released from?

A

I cells in the duodenum and jejunum

21
Q

What is gastrins main function?

A

Increasing gastric acid secretion

22
Q

What is the main function of CCK?

A

Increase pancreatic and gallbladder secretions

23
Q

What is the main function of secretin?

A

Help neutralise acidic chyme (increases release of HCO3 and decreases gastric acid secretion)

24
Q

Where is secretin released from?

A

S cells in the duodenum

25
Q

Where is gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) released from?

A

K cells in the duodenum and jejunum

26
Q

What stimulates release of GIP?

A

Sugars, amino acids and fatty acids

27
Q

What does GIP cause?

A

Increased insulin secretion and decreased gastric acid secretion

28
Q

Why does appendicitis initially present with vague central abdominal pain?

A

Visceral peritoneum is affected which causes the afferent to be sent back and chase the lesser splanchnic nerve, giving pain in the T10-T11 dermatomes

29
Q

Why will appendicitis pain eventually progress to be sharp and in the right iliac fossa?

A

Parietal peritoneum becomes involved which has a somatic innervation

30
Q

Where will foregut structures present with pain initially?

A

Epigastric region

31
Q

Where will midgut structures initially present with pain?

A

Periumbilical

32
Q

Where will hindgut structures initially present with pain?

A

Suprapubic/hypogastric

33
Q

In which three areas of the GI tract is there not smooth muscle?

A

Pharynx
Upper 1/3 of the oesophagus
External anal sphincter

34
Q

In which part of the GI tract are both the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles complete?

A

The small intestine

35
Q

Where are tonic contractions used?

A

Upper stomach
Ileocaecal valve
Internal anal sphincter

36
Q

Where in the GI tract does mass movement occur?

A

Distal colon

37
Q

What is a paralytic ileus?

A

Functional obstruction due to loss of GI contractility

38
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Failure of relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter

39
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Lack of development of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses

40
Q

Give four functions of mucus

A

Protection against acid
Antibacterial properties
Harbouring of bacteria in the large intestine
Lubrication

41
Q

In which part of the small intestine are Brunner’s glands found?

A

Duodenum

ESA3: GI System (2 decks)

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