Session 2 - Saliva

Question 1

what are the components of saliva

Answer 1

immune proteins (IgA) 
muffins 
amylase 
lipase 
mostly water 
k and bicarbonate

Question 2

what salivary properties stop your mouth from getting dry

Answer 2

antibacterial properties

Question 3

what is the medical term for dry mouth

Answer 3

xerostomia

Question 4

what can cause xerostomia

Answer 4

antidepressants , blocked nose , anything reducing salivary supply

Question 5

in regards to the floor of the mouth, where do the parotid and sublingual glands open

Answer 5

sibling lateral (sits on top of muscle) 
parotid medial

Question 6

what nerves supply the salivary glands

Answer 6

parotid - CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)

subling and submandibular - facial nerve (CN 7)

Question 7

describe the neural control to the glands (what activate and deactivate)

Answer 7

sympathetic vasoconstricts and produces a small amount of saliva, if over stim then stops all production

parasympathetic favours salivary flow

Question 8

why is salivary production an autonomic process and not hormonal

Answer 8

if it was hormonal it would be too slow

Question 9

in the case of mumps why is the parotid gland partially sensitive to swelling

Answer 9

the parotid gland has a tight capsule around it that is sensitive to any increase in parotid size

Question 10

what is the parotid capsule innervated by

Answer 10

trigeminal nerve

Question 11

what is a sialography

Answer 11

contrast injected into parotid to show on scan

Question 12

what are the 3 phases of swallowing and explain them

Answer 12

oral preparatory phase : voluntary and pushes plus towards pharynx, once touch pharyngeal wall next phase begin

pharyngeal phase : involuntary , soft palate shuts nasopharynx , pharyngeal contributors put bolus down , larynx elevates and pulled anterior due to supra hyoids and epiglottis closes , vocal cords adduct to protect airway and breathing stops , UOS open

oesophageal phase : involuntary , UOS close and peristaltic wave carry bolus down oesophagus

Question 13

why is it possible for babies to breath and swallow at the same time

Answer 13

their soft palate sits higher up in the throat and goes right to nasapharnyx , milk goes around epiglottis

Question 14

describe the nerve actions that happen when the pharyngeal is full (receptors etc)

Answer 14

mechanoreceptors recognise bolus which send signals to glossy nerve which senses pharyngeal is full , goes to medulla and create efferent effect in vagus which contract pharyngeal constrictors

Question 15

what is dysphagia

Answer 15

difficulty swallowing

Question 16

why is stroke often ‘misunderstood’ in terms of swallowing

Answer 16

most focus goes towards facial nerve but swallowing muscles also paralysed so risk of choking is higher

Question 17

how can an individual get pneumonia from paralysed pharyngeal muscles

Answer 17

goes down trachea along with mouth bacteria and can cause infection

Question 18

how does oesophagus gastro reflux occur (state factors)

Answer 18

sphincters at top and bottom of oesophagus

bottom one can get compressed when intra abdominal pressure is high

acute angle of oesophagus entering abdomen also a factor