Intro

Question 1

What are the 4 layers of the stomach tube from inside to out

Answer 1

Mucosa
Submucosa
External muscle layers
Serosa

Question 2

What are the layers of the mucosa and briefly describe what they do

Answer 2

Epithelial layer (promote absorption) and is in direct connection with chyme

Laminate propria (beneath basement membrane) to protect against infection and produces antibodies (IgA which effective against proteases)

Muscularis mucosae(smooth muscle in dif directions and keeps epi in contact with gut contents)

Question 3

Describe the layers of the tube excluding mucosa and describe what meissners plexus is

Answer 3

Sub mucosa- contain dense connective tissue and meisseners plexus (parasympathetic nerves from superior mesenteric artery)

Question 4

What epithelium is int he oesophagus and distal anus (and everything in between)

Answer 4

Oesophagus- strat squamous (same for distal anus)

Everything in between is simple columnar

Question 5

What is an enterocyte and how does its structure help with absorption

Answer 5

Simple columnar epi that absorbs (part of small intestine and colon)

Have microvilli to help transport nutrients

Question 6

Carbs absorb directly into BV , true or false?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is the job of goblet cells

Answer 7

Protect colon from gut bacteria
Lubricant
Chemical damaged
Bacterial inflammation (form physical barrier)

Question 8

What are foveolar cells and their role

Answer 8

Gastric surface mucous cells

Protect against stomach acid and secretes mucus/HCO3

Question 9

What anatomical features helps the gut tube keep a large SA

Answer 9

Permanent folds (Pilae)
Villi and microvilli 
Temporary folds (rugae) —> allow for distension

Question 10

What are rugae and their key role

Answer 10

Folds that allow for distension (temporary folds in stomach)

Question 11

What are villi and crypts and where are they found

Answer 11

Villi found in absorptive areas like small intestine (not colon)

Crypts in both intestines and contain specialised cells ( stem, paneth, enteroendocrine etc )

Question 12

What do stem, paneth, and enterendocrine cells do and where are they found

Answer 12

Found in crypts of both intestines

Stem cells replace dead epithelium

Paneth cells secrete antibacterial proteins to protect stem cells (vesicles bright red and are at base of crypts)

Enteroendocrine deepest and secrete hormones that control gut function like gastric

Question 13

What are glandular tissues and give an example

Answer 13

Organised secretory cells organised into acini ( produce digestive enzymes )connected to a duct

Salivary

Question 14

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall from exterior to interior

Answer 14

Skin 
fascia 
External oblique 
Internal oblique 
Transveralis 
Restus abdominals 
Transversalis fascia 
Peritoneum

Question 15

What way do the fibres go for the muscles of the abdominal wall

Answer 15

External- hands in pocket
Internal- opp of above
Transversalis- horizontal
Rectus - vertical

Question 16

What is the aponeurosis

Answer 16

Tendon formed by converging 3 abdomen muscles which enclose the midline rectus abdominus muscles

Question 17

Describe how rectus abdominus differs from above and below

Answer 17

Below does not have fully enclosed transversalis fascia only goes superior to the rectus abdominus

Above it encases all the muscle, above and below

Question 18

What is the arcuate line and where is it found

Answer 18

Lower limit of posterior later of rectus sheath

Halfway between umblicus and pubic crest

Question 19

Describe the peritoneal cavity (viscera, epithelium etc)

Answer 19

Has flat simple squamous epithelium and produces lubricating fluid

Parietal- outer
Visceral peritoneum- enveloped not in cavity (surround organ)

Also has retroperitoneal viscera posterior to cavity and is not enveloped (like adrenal glands)

Question 20

What is the importance of mesenteries and what are they

Answer 20

Venous drainage and prevents organs twisting on themselves

Double fold of peritoneum that attach certain viscera to posterior abdomen wall