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DPT704: Neuroscience > Session 2: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Session 2: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A

Idea that neurons are the basic signaling unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

What is the Principle of Dynamic Polarization?

A

Signals flow in a predictable and consistent direction

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3
Q

What is the Principle of Connectional Specificity?

A

No direct cytoplasmic connectivity betweens neurons and the connections formed between neurons are specific (not random).

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4
Q

What are the four areas of a generalized neuron? (4)

A
  1. Receptive area
  2. Integrative area
  3. Conductive area
  4. Output area
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5
Q

What cell part(s) are found in the receptive area? What is the purpose of this region?

A

Dendrites and cell body.

For localized input

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6
Q

What cell part(s) are found in the integrative area? What is the purpose of this region?

A

Axon hillock.

For triggering a response

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7
Q

What cell part(s) are found in the conductive area? What is the purpose of this region?

A

Axon

Carrying a signal

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8
Q

What cell part(s) are found in the output area? What is the purpose of this region?

A

Axonal terminals.

Secretory

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9
Q

How can neurons be classified?

A

Size
Number of processes
Direction they project

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10
Q

What is the difference between convergent and divergent connectivity?

A

Convergent connectivity is the termination of more than one neural input onto a single neuron.

Divergent connectivity is the output of one neuron affecting two or more neurons

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11
Q

What are the three types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes (schwann cells)
Microglia

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12
Q

What are astrocytes? What is their function?

A

Astrocytes are glial cells found in the CNS. They function as supportive cells as well as reparative cells.

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13
Q

What are oligodendrocytes? What is their function?

A

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells found in the CNS. They myelinate axons within the CNS.

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14
Q

What is the PNS equivalent to oligodendrocytes

A

Schwann cells

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15
Q

What are microglia? What is their function?

A

Microglia are glial cells in the CNS that proliferate in response to injury. Considered the macrophage of the CNS.

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16
Q

Describe what the mesoneurium is and its function.

A

Sheath around a nerve to help it slide. Allows for the structures around it to move independently without causing an impingement or constriction that could have an adverse affect on the function of the axons within that nerve.

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17
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

A layer within schwann and oligodendrocytes that is closely associated to individual axons

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18
Q

What is the perineurium? What is its function?

A

Perineurium is a layer that further subdivides the nerve into smaller fascicles that begin to correspond closely to divisions heading towards specific muscles or dermatomes.

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19
Q

What is the epineurium? What is its function?

A

Connective tissue layer that encapsulates the entire nerve but is more intimately attached to the connective tissue compartments of the nerve itself, similar to the epimysium of a muscle cell. Encases larger groups of axons called fascicles

20
Q

What are the different synaptic types? (7)

A 
Axodendritic (axospinous)
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Axosynaptic
Dendrodendritic
Axoextracellular
Axosecretory
21
Q

Describe an axodendritic synapse and name its more complex derivative

A

Communication between the axon and dendrite.

The more complex synapse is the axospinous synapse.

22
Q

Describe an axosomatic synapse.

A

Communication between axon and cell body.

23
Q

Describe an axoaxonic synapse.

A

One neuron onto the synapse of another neuron.

24
Q

What is the purpose of channels within a neuron?

A

These structures selectively allow the flux of ions into or out of the neuron.

25
Q

What is the purpose of non-gated channels?

A

Allow for the diffusion of small ions.

26
Q

Name the 3 types of gated ion channels within a neuron?

A

Modality
Ligand
Voltage

27
Q

How does a modality gated ion channel open?

A

Each receptor is sensory modality specific.
Open in response to a stimulus that is not a neurotransmitter or change in membrane potential (stretching of the membrane)
AKA Open in response to mechanical speech, pressure forces, and temperature changes

28
Q

How does a ligand gated channel open?

A

open in response to a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor on a post synaptic membrane

29
Q

What are the two types of ligand gated ion channels? How do they differ from each other?

A

Ionotropic- Receptors that form a channel in the membrane, allowing ions to pass through the membrane.

Metabotropic- act through secondary messengers

Metabotropic receptors activate a G-protein that in turn activates a secondary messenger, that in turn will activate something else.

30
Q

How does a voltage gated ion channel open?

A

Channel is triggered by a change in membrane potential above threshold.

31
Q

What is electrotonic potential?

A

The change in membrane polarity is graded and decays away from site of initiation (synapse in the CNS, receptor in the PNS)

32
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential.

Electrical activity or membrane polarity becomes more positive with respect to resting membrane potential.

33
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential.

Electrical activity or membrane polarity becomes more negative with respect to resting membrane potential.

34
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Change in membrane potential along the axon of a neuron; requires the presence of voltage gated channels (only located on the axon of the neuron?

35
Q

Once an action potential has been generated, there is no decay in the amplitude or speed of the action potential.

True or False.

A

True.

36
Q

What is the ultimate end of an action potential?

A

The end is to generate the release of a neuroactive substance at its terminal end.

37
Q

True or False.

In a normal functioning system, an action potential is unidirectional.

A

True.

APs travel from the axon hillock to all of the axon terminals of each neuron.

38
Q

Neurotransmitter release is always a response to what?

A

An action potential.

39
Q

The amount of transmitter released depends on what?

A

The frequency of action potentials traveling down the axon.

40
Q

Where can the amount of neurotransmitter released be modified?

A

At the terminal end, but not along the axon.

41
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

Learning involving exposure usually to a single event, and that is presumed not to reflect learning of a relationship between multiple events.

Doesn’t involve a temporal relationship between stimuli.

42
Q

What is habituation? Give an example.

A

The decreasing of behavioral response during repetitive application of a harmless or benign stimulus.

Example: tuning out a ticking clock.

43
Q

How does habituation differ from fatigue?

A

Unlike fatigue, habituation is easily restored through a strong stimulus.

44
Q

What is sensitization? Give an example.

A

The strengthening of a response after an intense or harmful stimulus.

Example: being jumpy after an unexpected explosion.

45
Q

What is associative learning? Give an example.

A

Cliff’s definition: Presentation of a reinforcing/unconditional stimulus is contingent on the presentation of a preceding/conditional stimulus.

A learning process by which a certain stimulus comes to be associated with another stimulus or behavior, as through classical or operant conditioning.

Pavlov.

46
Q

What is LTP? Give an example.

A

Long term potentiation

Sustained increase in synaptic strength elicited by brief, high-frequency stimulation of excitatory afferents

(persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity)

Example: Memories are formed in the brain when a synapse changes to allow for more efficient transfer of information.

47
Q

What is LTD?

A

Enduring depression of synaptic efficacy.

DPT704: Neuroscience (9 decks)

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