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DPT704: Neuroscience > Session 1: General CNS Organization > Flashcards

Session 1: General CNS Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Longitudinal and transverse fissures

A

divide the cerebral hemispheres from each other from the cerebellum

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2
Q

Central sulcus

A

divides frontal lobe and parietal lobe; pre- and postcentral gyri-primary motor and sensory cortices, respectively

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3
Q

Paracentral lobule

A

Midline extension of the pre-postcentral gyri

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4
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

divides temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

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5
Q

If you draw a line between the parieto-occipital notch and pre occipital notch what does it separate?

A

separates the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes

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6
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Midline sulcus marking the area of primary visual cortex; separates a cuneus and lingual gyri.

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7
Q

Pareto-occipital sulcus

A

Separates the midline part of the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

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8
Q

Cingulate sulcus

A

midline sulcus

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9
Q

What covers the CNS and what is the purpose?

A

3 layers of connective tissue membranes (meninges) that act as a protective envelope.

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10
Q

The meninges are continuous with what? What layer is an exception to this?

A

Continuous around the brain and the spinal cord.

Exception: the dural periosteal layer

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11
Q

What is the most external and toughest layer outside the brain?

A

Dura mater

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12
Q

How many layers is the dura mater divided into? What are they called?

A

Two layers:

  • Periosteal layer directly under the skull
  • meningeal layer
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13
Q

What is formed by the enfolding of the meningeal layer?

A

Dural sinuses: openings between the two layers of the dura

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14
Q

What is the function of dural sinuses?

A
  • Function as the outflow pathway for venus blood and CSF.

- Attached to the inside of the calvaria which helps anchor the brain

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15
Q

What clinical problems occur within dural sinuses?

A

Due to the rigidity of these dural sinus attachments, space occupying lesions (tumors and bleeding) can cause herniations.

The result is that as the brain tissue is squeezed, its function is compromised.

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16
Q

Which dural layer is only found in the cranial cavity?

A

The periosteal dura. It fuses with the periosteum of the skull at the foramen magnum

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17
Q

Where is the meningeal layer of the dura found?

A

The meningeal layer is found in the cranial cavity and also is continuous into the vertebral canal and covers the spinal cord.

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18
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Dura structure that separates the cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Dura structure that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum, also limits the posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

What is the tectorial notch?

A

Opening in the tentorium cerebella surrounding the brainstem (midbrain) as it passes out of the middle cranial fossa into the posterior cranial fossa

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21
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus found?

A

On the superior edge of falx cerebri

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22
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus found?

A

On the inferior edge of falx cerebri

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23
Q

Where is the straight sinus found?

A

Connects the inferior and superior sagittal sinuses across tectorium cerebelli

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24
Q

What is the confluens of sinuses?

A

The point posteriorly on tentorium cerebella where the straight sinus and transverse sinus join

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25
Q

What are the transverse sinuses?

A

Sinuses at the posterior edge of the tentorium cerebella that carry venous blood toward the internal jugular vein

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26
Q

What is the sigmoid sinus?

A

Last part of the sinus system that is continuous with the internal jugular vein through the jugular foramen

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27
Q

What is a herniation?

A

The “squeezing” of nervous tissue through an opening (such as the tectorial notch)

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28
Q

What are the common sites of herniation?

A
  • Subfalcine: cingulate gyrus under the flax cerebri
  • Transtentorial or uncle- uncus through the tentorium cerebelli (tensoriale notch)
  • Tonsillar- cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum
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29
Q

What is embedded between the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Blood vessels

30
Q

Where is the middle meningeal artery located?

A

Between the two layers of the dura mater (the most important blood vessel in this location)

31
Q

What is an epidural hematoma? What can cause this?

A
  • An arterial bleed causing blood to accumulate between the dura mater and the skull
  • A skull fracture that can tear the middle meningeal artery
32
Q

Is the arachnoid mater vascular or avascular?

A

It is a delicate non-vascular membrane.

33
Q

What layers make up the arachnoid mater?

A

Made up of 2 layers:

  • A continuous layer that is directly opposed (but not attached) to the meningeal layer of the dura
  • a discontinuous layer consisting of attachments from the outer arachnoid layer to the pia mater (arachnoid trabeculae)
34
Q

What is the arachnoid trabecular?

A

a discontinuous layer of the arachnoid mater consisting of attachments from the outer arachnoid layer to the pia mater

35
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

The POTENTIAL space between the dura and the arachnoid

36
Q

What occurs in the brain with whiplash or similar traumatic occurrences?

A

Veins carrying blood from the brain “bridge” across this potential space to empty into the dural venous sinuses.

With whiplash, these bridging beings can be torn due to shearing forces. Remember that the arachnoid and dura are not attached.

Can cause a subdural hematoma.

37
Q

What is a subdural hematoma?

A

Venous bleeding into the subdural space. Often the result of whiplash.

38
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Small extension of the arachnoid membrane located along the superior sagittal sinus and procure through and extend into the superior sagittal sinus.

39
Q

What is the function of arachnoid granulations

A

These village function as a “one-way” gate for the uptake of CSF into the venous vascular drainage of the brain.

40
Q

Is the pia mater vascular or avascular?

A

Vascular

41
Q

Where is the pia mater located?

A

Directly opposed to the brain itself. It follows the penetrating branches of arterioles into the brain parenchyma until the capillary beds

42
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

The space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater which contains CSF and the arterial and venous branches that supply the cortical regions of the brain.

43
Q

What are cisterns?

A

Enlarged areas of the subarachnoid space. Most notable are the cisterna magna (cerebellomedullary cistern) and lumbar cistern.

44
Q

What can result from trauma, arteriovenous malformation, strokes or aneurysms?

A

A subarachnoid hemorrhage. This bleeding can be either arterial or venous. Blood elements can then be identified in the CSF following a lumbar puncture.

45
Q

What layers of the pia mater are found in the spinal cord?

A
  • Pia intima

- Denticulate ligaments

46
Q

What is the pia intima?

A

Layer of the pia mater found in the spinal cord, adhered tightly to the spinal cord

47
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

A layer of the pia mater found in the spinal cord.

  • Segmentally paired extensions that cross the subarachnoid space, pierce the arachnoid mater and attach to the dura.
  • Anchor the spinal cord within the spinal canal.
48
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Cavities within the CNS derived developmentally from the neural tube.

49
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles found? What are they continuous with?

A

Found in each of the two cerebral hemispheres

Continuous with a single midline third ventricle through inter ventricular foramen (of Monro).

50
Q

Where is the third ventricle found? What is it continuous with?

A

On the midline in the sagittal plane and is continuous caudally with the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain.

51
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct empty into?

A

The fourth ventricle of the pons and medulla.

52
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle of the pons and medulla located? What is it continuous with?

A

Located in the pons and medulla.

Continuous with the remnants of the central canal of the spinal cord.

Also communicates with the subarachnoid space through two lateral apertures (Foramina of Luschka) and one midline aperture (Foramen of Magendie)

53
Q

What is the foramina of Luschka?

A

Two lateral apertures that allow the fourth ventricle to communicate with the subarachnoid space.

Allow for the CSF to leave the ventricular system and enter the subarachnoid space and eventually enter the venous system via the dural sinuses.

54
Q

What is the Foramen of Magendie?

A

One midline aperture that allows the the fourth ventricle to communicated with the subarachnoid space

Allow for the CSF to leave the ventricular system and enter the subarachnoid space and eventually enter the venous system via the dural sinuses.

55
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A
  • CSF is secreted by the ependymal cells that line the ventricular system. (They continue as the ventricular lining of the choroid plexus)
  • Also produced in the Subarachnoid space by capillary beds in the meninges
56
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A series of capillary beds that extend into all four ventricles of the brain.

57
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Reduces the relative mass of the brain and cushions it

58
Q

Describe the rate and regulation of CSF production

A
  • Continually produced at a rate of 500 mL/day.
  • There are no feedback mechanisms to shut down production
  • Any blockage in the flow of CSF can result in the buildup of inter ventricular pressure and/or intracranial pressure
59
Q

How/where does obstructive hydrocephalus occur?

A

Results from the blockage of normal flow of CSF out of the ventricular system. Common places are in the inter ventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct and the outflow from the fourth ventricle

60
Q

How/where does communicating hydrocephalus occur?

A

Results from the absorption or circulation problems with CSF.

IE: Any abnormality in the ability of CSF to exit the arachnoid granulations such as extremely high venous pressure in the superior sagittal sinus.

61
Q

Describe the structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

A
  • Composed of a series of morphological components coupled with physiological properties.
  • Endothelial cells of the blood capillaries in the CNS are joined by tight junctions, forming a barrier that allows for selective exchange of only small molecules.
62
Q

What cannot cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

Large portions (IE antibiotics)

63
Q

What is actively transported across the BBB?

A

substances such as glucose and amino acids that provide nourishment to the CNS

64
Q

Describe the relationship between the endothelial and glial cells in the BBB,.

A

The endothelial cells are opposed to cellular processes of glial cells. The glial cells are thought to control the permeability of the endothelial cells by influencing the physiology of the endothelial cell membranes.

65
Q

What happens if glial cell activity is disrupted in the BBB?

A

If a pathological condition interferes, the glial cells no longer control the endothelial cells and the barrier is made more permeable

66
Q

Describe the activity of substance uptake in the BBB.

A

The barrier must be present at all times, but activity level will change. Areas of the brain that are most active will show the highest uptake of necessary substance.

67
Q

What 12 structures and corresponding cranial nerves can be seen in the midsagittal plane?

A
  1. Corpus callosum
  2. Fornix
  3. Anterior commissure
  4. Lamina terminalis (marks the closer of the anterior neuropore)
  5. Interventricular foramen
  6. Thalamus (CN II)
  7. Hypothalamus
  8. Midbrain or mesencephalon (CN III, IV)
  9. Corpora quadrigemina
  10. Pons (CN V, VI, VII)
  11. Medulla (CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII)
  12. Cerebellum.
68
Q

What is localization of functions? Give an example.

A

A defined area of the brain has unique functions and unique structural properties.

Example: Visual cortex appears to be striated- striped effect occurs because large number of cells in one layer

69
Q

What is topographic organization? Give an example

A

Information to and from various places maintains some spatial distinctiveness.

Example: touch centers have representations of the body’s surface so areas can be distinguished from each other

70
Q

Explain the pathway between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space

A

Lateral ventricles –> interventricular foramen of Monroe –> third ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth ventricle –> foramina of luschka OR foramen of magendie

DPT704: Neuroscience (9 decks)

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