Session 2 - Human Diversity and Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are health related behaviours?

A

Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness

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2
Q

Give three examples of health related behaviours

A
  • Smoking
  • Drinking
  • Drug use
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3
Q

Why is it important to think about health related behaviour?

A

• A third of disease burden is caused by tobacco, alcohol, blood pressure, cholesterol and obesity

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4
Q

Outline three different explanations given in academic literature to help us understand health-related behaviour

A

Learning theories
Social cognition models
Stages of change model

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5
Q

List three learning theories used to describe health behaviour

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Social learning theory
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6
Q

Give two social cognition models used to describe health behaviour

A
  • Health belief model

* Theory of planned behaviour

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning in humans?

A
  • The theory that behaviours can become linked to unrelated stimuli
  • Pavlov’s dogs and salivation
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8
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A
  • People learn what behaviours are rewarded and how likely it is we can perform behaviour from observing others
  • Motivated to perform behaviours that are valued and that they believe they can do
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9
Q

How does social learning theory work both ways?

A
  • Influence of family, peers, media figures and celebrities can reinforce negative behaviours
  • Positive peer leading
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10
Q

Why is cognitive dissonance useful?

A

• Providing health information creates mental discomfort by clashing with belifs and can prompt change in behaviour

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11
Q

Health belief model - What two sets of information do we have to look at to understand why people might do certain behaviours, such as using a condom for sex with a new partner?

A
• Beliefs about health threat
	○ Perceived susceptibility
	○ Perceived severity
• Beliefs about health-related behaviours
	○ Perceived benefits
	○ Perceived barriers
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12
Q

What are the limitations of the health belief model?

A
  • Is behaviour rational and reasoned
  • Are decisions due to habit or conditioned behaviour
  • Emotional factors like fear
  • Doesn’t account for self efficacy
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13
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

• The theory that explores the inspiration behind certain intentions (lack of condom use)

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14
Q

Give three sets of info we analyse to work out someone’s health intentions

A
  • Attitude toward behaviour (what do I think?)
  • Subjective norm (what do others think)
  • Perceived control (how easy is it to do?)
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15
Q

How can we get someone to follow through with their intentions?

A

• Get them to write a concrete plan

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16
Q

What is the “stages of change” model

A

• Explains five stages which people may pass through over time in decision making/change

17
Q

What are the five stages of the “stages of change” model

A
  • Pre-contemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preparation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
  • Relapse
18
Q

Give two examples of classical conditioning in medicine?

A
  • Anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy

* Phobias

19
Q

How can we help patients by utilising classical conditioning?

A
  • Alcohol + medication (disulfiram) makes user feel ill by increasing conc of acetaldehyde
  • Elastic band on cigarette packet
20
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
• People/animals act on the environment and behaviour is shaped by the consequences (reward or punishment)
• Behaviour reinforced if it is 
		○ Rewarded
		○ Punishment removed
• Behaviour decreases if 
		○ Punished
		○ Reward taken away
21
Q

Why is operant conditioning an issue?

A

• Smoking and other behaviours give immediate reward

22
Q

What are the limitations of conditioning theories?

A
  • Based on simple stimulus response associations
  • No account of cognitive process, knowledge, belief, memory
  • No account social context
23
Q

Why may people use alcohol and drugs?

A
  • Pleasure
  • Entertainment
  • Relieve boredom
24
Q

What factors add up to create consequences?

A

• Substance + Mind Set + Setting

25
Q

What is iatrogenic drug use?

A

• Medically derived

26
Q

“Death rates from illegal drugs are incredibly low, legal very high - this proves that there is a problem with out criminal system” - Is this necessarily correct?

A

• Can’t you argue that death rates are low because they’re illegal?

27
Q

What is low risk drinking?

A
• Abstention 
	○ Non drinking
• Low risk drinking
	○ Women 0-14 units
	○ Men 0-21 units
28
Q

How can people be weaned off drug addiction?

A
  • Medical or pharmacological treatments
  • Assisted detox and substitute prescribing
  • Psycho-social interventions
29
Q

Name two alcohol screening tools

A
  • FAST - Fast Alcohol Screening Test

* PAT - Paddington Alcohol Test

30
Q

What treatments can be used to treat withdrawal?

A
  • Diazepam

* Vitamin B1 and B complex (Depletion causes Wernicke’s disease)

31
Q

How is relapse prevented in treating alchool abuse?

A

• Disulfiram (aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor)

32
Q

How can you monitor acute intoxication?

A
  • Monitoring vital signs
  • Monitoring electrolytes
  • Thiamine administration
  • Management of withdrawal
33
Q

What role do medical professionals in treating addiciton?

A
  • Assessment
  • Offering basic advice
  • Applying any treatment within personal remit
  • Support and signposting
34
Q

What are the three classes of therapeutic interventions?

A
  • Pharmacological
  • Counselling and advice
  • Social and environmental