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Semester 3: Urinary > Session 2: embryology > Flashcards

Session 2: embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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2
Q

What is the definitive kidney called in the foetus?

A

Metanephros

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3
Q

How is the metanephros formed?

A

Pronephros to the Mesonephros to the Metanephros

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4
Q

Can the metanephros conserve water?

A

Yes. It can produce urine and conserve water.

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5
Q

What is the pronephros?

A
  • It is a duct.
  • Extends from the cervical region to the cloaca
  • Drives the development of the next developmental stage
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6
Q

What is the urogental ridge?

A

Region of intermediate mesoderm giving rise to both the embryonic kidney and the gonad

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7
Q

The mesonephric duct is capable of water conservation. True/False

A

False

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8
Q

Where do the mesonephric tubules develop?

A

Closer to the tail (caudal) than to the pronephros region

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9
Q

What is the embryonic kidney?

A

The mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric duct

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10
Q

What is the role of the mesonephric duct in regards to development?

A
  • Important role in development of the reproductive system in the male
  • Sprouts ureteric bud which induces development of the definitive kidney
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11
Q

What is the importance of the ureteric bud?

A

Induces the development of the true kidney (metanephros)

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12
Q

How does the true kidney develop?

A
  • Ureteric bud communicates with the metanephric blastema
  • Bud expand and branches
  • Formation of the collecting system from the ureteric bud
  • The excretory component is derived from the intermediate mesoderm under the influence of the ureteric bud
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13
Q

Where does the metanephric kidney first appear?

A

Pelvic region

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14
Q

How does the kidney ascend from the pelvis?

A
  • Undergoes an apparent caudal to cranial shift, crossing the arterial fork formed by vessels returning blood from the foetus to placenta
  • The blood supply shifts upward by formation of new vessels and the old vessels are obliterated
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15
Q

What happens if the old blood vessels aren’t obliterated as the kidney ascends?

A

They becomes accessory arteries which are end arteries.

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16
Q

How can renal agenesis occur?

A

Ureteric bud fails to interact with intermediate mesoderm.

17
Q

What can go wrong with the development of the kidneys?

A
  • Ureteric bud can fail to interact with intermediate mesoderm
  • Migration can go awry
  • Duplication defects
  • Ectopic ureter
  • Cystic disease
18
Q

What are structural anomalies associated with the kidney?

A
  • Pelvic kidney

- Horseshoes kidney

19
Q

How is urogenital sinus created?

A

The cloaca becomes divided by urorectal septum into the urogenital sinus (and anorectalcanal)

20
Q

What does the urogenital sinus differentiate into?

A
  • Superior part connect to the umbilicus
  • Majority differentiates to form the urinary bladder
  • Inferior part develops into the urethra
21
Q

How is the female urethra formed?

A

By the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus

22
Q

How is the male urethra divided?

A
  • Pre-prostatic
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy
23
Q

How is the male urethra formed?

A

In a male, the genital tubercles elongates and genital folds fuse to form the spongy urethra.

24
Q

What is hypospadias?

A
  • Defect in fusion of urethral folds

- Urethra opens onto the ventral surface rather than at the end of the glans where it normally is

25
Q

What is the overview of the development of the kidney?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros appears and the pronephros disappears. Made of the wolfian duct or mesonephric duct.
  3. Urethral bud is formed from mesonephric duct. Urethral bud is only for the major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis and collecting duct
  4. Metanephros is formed from urethral bud.
  5. 1/3 of the bottom nephrogenic cord becomes the metanephric blastema. This circles around the urethral bud. The mesonephros which is the rest becomes the genital components
26
Q

What is the bladder formed from?

A

The bladder is a hindgut derivative

-Derived from the caudal portion of the primitive gut tube.

27
Q

Explain the process of development from the allantois?

A
  • Allantois is involved in the development of the bladder
  • It is a superoventral diverticulum of the handout and extends into the umbilical cord
  • Lumen of the allantois becomes obliterated to become the urachus
  • The urachus becomes median umbilical ligament in adults
28
Q

What is the significance of the accessory renal arteries being terminal or end arteries?

A

-If the accessory arteries are occluded then the part of the kidneys that they supply will be damaged due to the lack of the blood supply.

29
Q

Why would patients with ectopic urethral orifices complain of urinary incontinence?

A
  • Urethra opens straight into the penis and leaks out

- The urine bypasses the urethral sphincter so therefore no control on urination

30
Q

What does abnormally amniotic fluid show?

A

The kidney function in the foetus is low so less excretion of urine

31
Q

What is pelvic kidney?

A

One of the kidney fails to ascend

32
Q

How does a horseshoe kidney form?

A

As the kidney ascend the bases touch and fusion starts to occur

Semester 3: Urinary (5 decks)

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