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Head & Neck > Session 2- Blood Supply ( workbook section in quizlet ) > Flashcards

Session 2- Blood Supply ( workbook section in quizlet ) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the bifurcations of the main aorta and what vessels arise from those bifurcations

A

Aorta splits into the brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian, left common carotid

On right, common carotid and right subclavian both branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk

Vertebral arteries and thyrocervical trunk branch off subclavian

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2
Q

What are the 3 branches of the thyrocervical trunk and what do they supply

A

Ascending and transverse- neck
Suprascapular- shoulder
Inferior thyroid- lower thyroid

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3
Q

At what level does the common carotid bifurcate

A

C4- also level of superior part of thyroid cartilage

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4
Q

What are the anatomical relations around the common carotid

A

Under SCM muscle and is medial to the IJV (IJV is lateral to common carotid)

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5
Q

Borders of carotid triangle and relevance

A

Part of the anterior triangle
Upper belly of omohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Anterior border of SCM

Where bifurcation of common carotid occur

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6
Q

Why is the carotid artery a common place for atheroma to form and what can occur due to it

A

Lots of turbulence at bifurcation causing sheer stress and eventual build up of plaque

Can cause TIA due to limited blood supply to brain (can travel to circle of Willis and block brain blood supply)

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7
Q

What is the carotid sinus, what important features does it have and what is it’s relation to SVT

A

Carotid sinus is the bulge before the bifurcation which houses baroreceptors for detecting changes in BP

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8
Q

Where is the carotid body and what is its importance

A

Houses chemoreceptors which detect arterial oxygen

Located next to carotid sinus

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9
Q

What is the carotid sinus innervated by

A

Branch of the glosopharngeal

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10
Q

What is the clinical significance of the carotid triangle

A

Gives surgical approach to carotid , IJV and vagus via carotid triangle

Can feel pulse below bifurcation and can perform carotid sinus massage

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11
Q

Path of internal carotid artery

A

Goes through Peterous part of temporal bone and turns to enter the cranial cavity, bends (s shape) and goes through cavernous sinus

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12
Q

What is the cavernous sinus’s, its clinical relevance and contents

What gland sits superiorly

A

Plexus of thin walled veins on upper surface of sphenoid

ICA, branches of trigeminal and many other important nerves so swelling here dangerous

Pit gland sits on top

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13
Q

What are the important bifurcations of the ophthalmic artery and where is the opthalmic originally from

A

From the ICA
Supraorbital and supratrochlear supply eye
Ethmoidal supply nose

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14
Q

What are the 6 branches of the ECA and its 2 terminal branches

What do they mostly supply

A

Mostly supply skin and scalp

Superior thyroid 
Lingual 
Facial occipital 
Ascending pharyngeal 
Posterior auricular 
Maxillary (terminal) 
Superficial temporal (terminal)
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15
Q

What arteries form both internal and external carotids supply the scalp

A

External

  • superficial temporal
  • occipital
  • posterior auricular

Internal

  • supra orbital (opthalmic branch)
  • supra trochlear (ophthalmic branch)
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16
Q

What are the layers of the scalp and what layer d the vessels lay in and what is the clinical relevance

A 
Skin 
Dense connective tissue 
Aponeurosis 
Loose connective tissue 
Periosteum

Lie in subcutaneous connective tissue layer

Means walls of arteries attached to CM limiting constriction, if lacerated can get profuse bleeding

17
Q

Why do deep lacerations of the epicranial aponeurosis cause profuse bleeding

A

Cuz of opposing pull of occipofrontalis

18
Q

What artery supplies most of the scalps blood

A

Middle meningeal from maxillary

19
Q

Why does loss of scalp not result in bone necrosis

A

Because scalp get separate blood from face

20
Q

What are the superficial arteries of the face

A

Ones branching off of external carotid and 2 from internal

21
Q

What are some important branches of the maxillary artery

What do the maxillary branches supply

A

Middle meningeal - meninges
Sphenopalatine - nose (by joining other arteries)

Deep structures in face

22
Q

What is the blood supply to the nasal septum

A

Anastomoses of arteries in kiesselbach area 9castle back)

Sphenopalatine (septal branch)
Anterior ethmoidal arteries (form opthalmic)

23
Q

What is the most common area for nose bleeds

A

Kiesselbach cuz of anastomoses

24
Q

What supples the dura and why is this artery particularly vulnerable to damage

A

The middle meningeal

Because it foes through pterion to meet dura which is the thinnes part of the skull so common site of rupture is here

25
Q

What artery forms the grooves seen on the internal view of the skull cap (calvaria)

A

The anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery

26
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply

A

Skull and dura

27
Q

What occurs as a consequence of a pterion fracture and what does it form (/ show on CT)

A

Extramural haemorrhage which can incr cranial pressure

Forms a convex haematoma outside of the dura

28
Q

In a craniotomy why is the bone and skull flap reflected inferiorly

A

To preserve blood supply

29
Q

What is special about the venous drainage of the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins

A

Unlike the rest, they unite at the medial angle of the eye and form the angular vein which drains into the facial vein instead of going back to the cranial cavity

30
Q

Describe the connection between venous drainage of scalp and rural venous sinuses

Why is this important

A

Veins of scalp connect to diploic veins through emissary veins, which drain into dural venous sinuses

Infection from scalp can spread to cranial cavity and affect meninges

31
Q

Describe the connection of the facial veins with the cavernous sinus and the pterygoid venous plexus

Give an example

A

The facial vein meets superior opthalmic at angle of eye and drains into the cavernous sinus

DEEP facial veins drain into pterygoid venous plexus meaning infection from facial vein can spread to dural venous sinuses

Thrombophlebitis of facial vein where infected clot travel to intracranial venous system

32
Q

VEINS IN THE FACE ARE VALVELESS

A

K

33
Q

What is the danger triangle of the face

A

Infections in the middle part of the face (nose, top lip to t zone) can spread through venous system to dural venous sinuses

34
Q

List 3 examples of dural venous sinuses

A

Superior Sagittarius sinus
Cavernous
Sigmoid (leaves skull through jugular foramina as a continuation of the IJV)

35
Q

What is the IJV an indication of and how do you measure JVP

A

Right atrial pressure

Measure by using RIGHT IJV as its a direct connection to atrium

  • head slightly left, patient at 45 degree angle
  • see pulsation through muscle
  • measure height from sternal angle and add 5 cm

Head & Neck (4 decks)

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