session 2

Question 1

define research?

Answer 1

the systemic search for information & new

knowledge to solve a problem”.

Question 2

why research is important?

Answer 2

It produces evidence and

informs actions that can provide wider benefit to a society.

Question 3

Social research

Answer 3

Is research method used by the researchers to learn
about people and societies so that they can produce services to meet
various needs of the people.

Question 4

importance of social research

Answer 4

researchers to learnabout people and societies so that they can produce services to meet
various needs of the people

insights from this research can guide the design of healthcare delivery practices and interventions that acknowledge and adapt to
social, cultural, and economic barriers;.

Question 5

what the social sciences approaches emphasize?

Answer 5

social, structural, and organizational

factors that influence the kinds of care available, access to that care, and quality of care.

Question 6

Importance of social research methods

Answer 6

1-Policies and practices are based on social science research.
2-You have a responsibility as a doctor to be able to access, appraise and
use this research.
3- Need to integrate and critically evaluate multiple resources (Tomorrow ‘s
Doctors)

Question 7

what are the methods of the social researches?

Answer 7

Two main groups of methods:
1-Quantitative
2-Qualitative

Question 8

Quantitative research deal with ————

Answer 8

with numerical variables analyzing and
correlating them with
other variables according to specific hypothesis to
draw a conclusion

Question 9

whats the designs of the quantities researches?

Answer 9

Experimental study designs (e.g. RCTs)
– Cohort studies
– Case-control studies
-Cross-sectional surveys
- Official statistics
-Other national surveys:
-Local and regional surveys

Question 10

does Questionnaires is quantitive or qualitative methods?

Answer 10

Methods for quantitative research

Question 11

importance of the Questionnaires?

Answer 11

– Measurement of exposure to risk factors e.g. effect of lifestyle and dietary
factors on cancer.
– Knowledge and attitudes e.g. family planning.
– Satisfaction e.g. with health services.

Question 12

Published questionnaires may have been tested for ?

Answer 12

validity and reliability.

Question 13

Principles for Questionnaire design

Answer 13

1- Questionnaires should be:
- Valid and realibe

2-Measure things consistently

3-Differences in results come from differences between participants, not from inconsistencies in how items are understood or in how responses are interpreted.

Question 14

Types of questions in methods

Answer 14

Mainly closed questions: as
   Yes/No
    Strongly agree/agree/neither disagree…
    Numeric scales
     Symbols 

Self-completed on paper
– Administered
- Telephone, interviewer, internet..

 Can have open-ended questions.
 Often free text box at end of questionnaire

Question 15

what’s the method of research in qualitative researches

Answer 15

systematic collection, organization, and analysis of textual material derived
from talk or observation
,

Question 16

what qualitative studies emphasize on?

Answer 16

the importance of
understanding, from the viewpoint of the people involved, how individuals
and groups interpret, experience and make sense of social phenomena

Question 17

useful study for assessment of quality and improve it ?

Answer 17

qualtititve studies particularly useful for quality assessment and for
unpacking some of the complex issues inherent to quality improvemen

Question 18

what we concern about it in the qualitative studies

Answer 18

– Making sense of phenomena in terms of meanings people bring to them.

–Need to listen to what people have to say, understand their perspective.

– Emphasizes meaning, experience and views of respondents.

– Analysis emphasizes the researcher ‘s interpretation, not measurement.

– Can also provide insights into people ‘s behavior (subject to caveats)

Question 19

the qualitative research methods ?

Answer 19

– Observation and ethnography
– Interviews
– Focus groups
– Documents

Question 20

what is mean by the Ethnography and observation methods?

Answer 20

Studying human behavior in its natural context
– Observe what people actually do, rather than relying on their expressed
views.

Question 21

Two forms: of observatiion studies

Answer 21

Participant observation – (usually) covert

– Non-participant observation – overt

Question 22

whats the importance of the observation studies ?

Answer 22

The systematic observation of organizational settings, team behavior

useful in studying quality issues as it allows researchers to uncover everyday behavior rather than only relying on
interview accounts.

useful in uncovering what really happens in particular healthcare settings

Question 23

how the observational methods allow a to understand and assess the behaviors of inviduals

Answer 23

access to the behavior of which individuals themselves may provide biased accounts, or
indeed be unaware.

Question 24

Interviews method

Answer 24

Individual face to face interviews may be either semi-structured or in-depth.

Question 25

types of interviews methods in qualtitive studies

Answer 25

• Semi-structured interview

- in-depth interview

Question 26

difference between a semi-structural interview and depth interview?

Answer 26

Semi-structured interviews are typically based on a flexible topic guide
that provides a loose structure of open-ended questions to explore
experiences and attitudes.

In-depth interviews provide an opportunity to obtain more detail about an
issue or experience, and are especially useful for exploring experiences of
care

Question 27

In order to ensure that

really detailed information is gathered, interview methods require?

Answer 27

experienced researches

with the necessary sensitivity and ability t oestablish rapport with respondents,

use topic guides flexibly and followup questions and responses.

Question 28

focus group

Answer 28

Focus groups are similar in structure to face to face interviews but they use
the interaction of a group of, typically, 6–8 people to generate data.

Question 29

“exploration group”

Answer 29

different healthcare providers who have direct contact with a particular health problem review and discuss
some material such as audio or video taped cases or interviews in order to
develop an interpretative explanation

Question 30

quality circle

Answer 30

This convenes a small group of healthcare providers and patients who meet at regular times for a determined period to formulate hypotheses or
action points to improve quality in health ca

Question 31

challenges in focus group

Answer 31

Not so useful for individual experience
· May encourage people to participate
· Some topics may be too sensitive ‘for focus groups
· Deviant views may be inhibited
· Not the easy option
· Can be difficult to arrange
· Have to consider membership of group – e.g. consultants and health
care assistants
· Need fairly homogenous group
· Good facilitator is needed – managing group dynamics is not easy!

Question 32

Documentary and media analysi

Answer 32

it is the independent historical type and provides independent evidence and Useful for subjects difficult to investigate.
· Can analyze television, newspaper and media stories

-

Question 33

documentary and media method good for?

Answer 33

Understanding the perspective of those in a situation
– Accessing information not revealed by quantitative approaches
– Explaining relationships between variables

Question 34

documentary and media method less good for?

Answer 34

Finding consistent relationships between variables.

– Generalizability

Question 35

how choose the best method and study type ?

Answer 35

1-Topic under investigation and research question.
2- Research team ‘s preferences/expertise.
3- Time and money available.
4-Funders and/or audience

Question 36

evidence- based -medicine

Answer 36

The standard definition Evidence-based practice involves the integration of individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence
from systematic researches.

Question 37

Previously practices influenced (too much) by:

Answer 37

• Professional opinion
• Clinical fashion
• Historical practice and precedent
• Organizational and social culture

Question 38

evidence-based medicine depend on the two important things?

Answer 38

systematic review and meta- analysis

Question 39

how the systematic review help clinician?

Answer 39

Systematic reviews Useful to clinicians because by appraising and
integrating findings, they offer both quality control and increased
certainty.

Question 40

Where do you find the evidence?

Answer 40

Medical journals , cocharan collabration

Question 41

Critiques of the evidence-based practice movement?

Answer 41

· Practical criticisms: around the possibility of evidence-based
practice

· Philosophical criticisms: around the desirability of evidence-based
practice

Question 42

Practical criticisms of the evidnec based medicine

Answer 42

May be an impossible task to create and maintain systematic reviews
across all specialties

May be challenging and expensive to disseminate and implement
findings.

Lots of methodological arguments about meta-analyses and
systematic reviews

RCTs are seen as the gold standard but not always feasible or even
necessary/desirable

Choice of outcomes often very biomedical

Certain groups (e.g. BME) may not be well served by the evidence
base.

Question 43

Philosophical criticisms:

Answer 43

Does not align with (most) doctors’ modes of reasoning

Aggregate, population-level outcomes don ‘t mean that an
intervention will work for an individual

Potential of EBM to create unreflective rule followers out of professionals.

legitimizing rationing, with
potential to undermine trust in the doctor- patient relationship

Question 44

Problems in getting evidence into practice:

Answer 44

Evidence exists, but doctors don ‘t knows about

Doctors know about the evidence but don ‘t use it – Why not?
Habit? Organizational culture? Professional judgment

Organizational systems cannot support innovation

Commissioning decisions reflect different priorities – E.g. what if
patients say they want something else.

Resources not available to implement change