Session 2

Question 1

What is the difference between Manifest variables and Latent variables ?

Answer 1

Manifest variables are directly observable whereas Latent variables cannot be observed directly.

Question 2

Can you give some examples of manifest variables ?

Answer 2

Examples of manifest variables:

Weight, height, sex/gender, specific behavioral pattern/reaction/decision, purchase or not, etc.

Question 3

Can you give some examples of latent variables ?

Answer 3

Examples of latent variables :

Self esteem, social support, satisfaction, etc.

Question 4

What kind of things can we use to measure latent variables ?

Answer 4

To measure latent variables, we can use proxies and indicators.

Question 5

What is a proxy measure ?

Answer 5

A measure that highly correlate/have a close correlation with a latent variable of interest.

Question 6

What does “Operationalize a variable” mean ?

Answer 6

Operationalize a variable is how you measure a variable.

Question 7

Can you give an example of a proxy measure ?

Answer 7

A proxy measure can be : The measure of the family income of students to decide if the student is eligible to free school lunch

Question 8

What are Indicators to measure latent variables ?

Answer 8

Indicators are observable measure of an abstract construct.

Question 9

What is a research design ?

Answer 9

A research design is a plan of how you will go about answering your research questions.

Question 10

What are the 5 steps of sampling design process ?

Answer 10

1) Define the population
2) Determine the Sampling Frame
3) Select sampling technique(s)
4) Determine the sample size
5) Execute the sampling process

Question 11

What is a sampling frame ? Can you give an example ?

Answer 11

A sampling frame = list of enumeration that represents the population

Ex : Directory of listed, residential phone numbers as a sampling frame for households in a city

Question 12

Can you give an example of coverage bias ?

Answer 12

Example of coverage bias : If you want to take a sample in a population, don’t take the households listed in a phone directory because the sample may be (older, male, higher-income, longer-time residents, etc.) the younger generation have mobile phone.

Question 13

What are the type of non-probability sampling / coverage bias ?

Answer 13

There are:

• Voluntary sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Sampling online
• Internet access panels

Question 14

What are the type of probability sampling ?

Answer 14

The probability sampling are:

1) Random probability sampling
2) Contribution of random sampling
3) Simple random sampling -SRS)
4) Stratified sampling
5) Multistage sampling

Question 15

Can you give some example of biases ?

Answer 15

• Social Desirable bias
• Hawthrone Effect
• Sponsor bias
• Self-selection bias