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Urinary System > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the embryo as it appears after gastrulation?

A

Trilaminar disc of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

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2
Q

Describe the distribution of mesoderm in the trilaminar embryo?

A

Paraxial mesoderm lies medially; somatic mesoderm lies anterolaterally; splanchnic mesoderm lies posterolaterally; intraembryonic coelom lies between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm; intermediate mesoderm lies immediately laterally to the paraxial mesoderm.

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3
Q

Where do the urinary, genital and GI systems initially empty in an embryo?

A

The cloaca.

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4
Q

In which order and direction do the embryonic kidney systems form ?

A

Pronephros, mesonephros and then metanephros. FOrm in a cranial-to-caudal sequence.

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5
Q

When does the pronephros form and regress?

A

Both in the 4th week.

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6
Q

What are the vestigial excretory units of the pronephros called?

A

Nephrotomes.

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7
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A

Formation of the pronephros duct extending from the cervical region to the cloaca.

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8
Q

What is the function of the pronephric duct?

A

To drive further development of the urogenital system.

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9
Q

Where is the pronephros located in an embryo?

A

In the cervical region.

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10
Q

Where is the mesonephros located in an embryo?

A

In the upper thoracic to upper lumbar area.

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the mesonephros.

A

S-shaped loop which forms a glomerulus at the medial side with a tuft of capillaries, the tubule enters a longitudinal collecting duct (mesonephric duct) and collectively forms the embryonic kidney.

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12
Q

What structure does the mesonephros form adjacent to the developing gonad?

A

The urogenital ridge.

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13
Q

What is the function of the mesonephros?

A

Mesonephric duct sprouts the ureteric bud which indices development of the definitive kidney; help to develop the male reproductive system.

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14
Q

What induces development of the metanephros?

A

The ureteric bud.

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15
Q

How do the collecting ducts develop in the metanephros?

A

Ureteric bud penetrates the metanephric tissue and dilates, splitting into cranial and caudal portions which forms the renal pelvis and major calyces. Calyces subdivide to form 12 generations of tubules, the larger of which merge to form minor calyces and the smaller elongate and converge on the minor calyces to form renal pyramids.

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16
Q

What structures does the ureteric bud give rise to?

A

All structures from the collecting tubes to the ureter.

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17
Q

Where do the kidneys develop in a foetus?

A

In the pelvic region.

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18
Q

What causes the kidneys to ascend in development?

A

Diminution of body curvature and the growth of the lumbar and sacral regions.

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19
Q

How do accessory renal arteries form?

A

Arteries that supply the kidneys during their ascent which should degenerate persist and provide a second blood supply to the kidneys.

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20
Q

What can cause the kidneys to stop migrating too early?

A

Kidney fails to pass through the arterial fork produced by umbilical arteries; kidneys get trapped on the inferior mesenteric artery if they ascend too close.

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21
Q

What causes a horseshoe kidney?

A

Kidneys are pushed through the arterial fork produced by the umbilical arteries too close.

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22
Q

Where is a horseshoe kidney usually positioned and why?

A

At the lower lumbar vertebrae as the merged kidney gets trapped on the inferior mesenteric artery.

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23
Q

What is a Wilms’ tumour?

A

Tumour of the kidneys affecting children under 5 years and foetus’ caused by a genetic mutation.

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24
Q

What is renal dysphasia?

A

Failure of the kidneys to develop properly so the nephrons fail to develop and the ureteric bud fails to branch, causing no collecting ducts to form.

25
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

Failure of the kidneys to develop at all.

26
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

Genetic disorder (usually autosomal dominant) causing cysts to form in the kidneys.

27
Q

What possible complication may arise if metanephric tissue is split into 2 parts?

A

2 ureteric buds develop so additional ureters may develop, one ureter may open into another location, e.g. urethra, vagina, etc.

28
Q

What does the cloaca divide into during development in the 4th-7th week?

A

The urogenital sinus anteriorly and the anal canal posteriorly, separated by the urorectal septum.

29
Q

What does the tip of the urorectal septum form?

A

The perineal body.

30
Q

During development, what structure is the bladder continuous with?

A

The allantois.

31
Q

What occurs to the allantois later in foetal development?

A

It is obliterated and replaced with a thick fibrous cord called the urachus.

32
Q

What is the vestigeal remnant of the urachus in an adult?

A

The median umbilical ligament.

33
Q

What structures does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to?

A

The prostatic and membranous portions of the urethra.

34
Q

How does the ureter form?

A

Begins as an outgrowth from the mesonephric duct, as kidneys move cranially they also move and assume their own entrance to the bladder.

35
Q

How do the male ejeculatory ducts form?

A

Mesonephric ducts enter the prostatic urethra to form the ducts.

36
Q

What is the embryological origin of the trigone of the bladder?

A

Mesodermal in origin but the mesodermal epithelium is gradually replaced by endoderm.

37
Q

What is the embryological origin of the epithelial of the male and female urethra?

A

Endoderm.

38
Q

How does the male prostate form?

A

Epithelium in the prostatic urethra proliferates and forms outgrowths into the surrounding mesenchyme, creating a prostate gland.

39
Q

How do the female urethral and paraurethral glands form?

A

Epithelium in the prostatic urethra proliferates and forms outgrowths into the surrounding mesenchyme, creating the glands.

40
Q

What structure develops from the genital tubercle in males and females?

A

Glans penis in males, clitoris in females.

41
Q

What structure develops from the genital swelling in males and females?

A

The scrotum in males and labia majora in females.

42
Q

What structure develops from the genital fold in males and females?

A

The urethral groove in males and labia minora in females.

43
Q

How may a fistula form during genital formation?

A

The lumen of the intraembryonic portion of the allantois persists so urine may drain from the umbilicus.

44
Q

How might a urachus cyst form in genital formation?

A

A localised area of the allantois persists, if the persisting part is the upper part then a urachus cyst forms.

45
Q

Why might exstrophy of the bladder occur in genital formation?

A

Usually because the lateral body wall folds fail to close in the midline of the pelvic region.

46
Q

Why might hypospadias occur in genital formation?

A

The urethral folds don’t fuse properly so the urethra is open on the ventral surface of the penis instead of the glans.

47
Q

How is the Bowman’s capsule formed?

A

Primitive renal tubule invaginate the kidney to form a visceral layer around the glomerulus; a parietal layer of simple squamous epithelium then forms around the visceral layer.

48
Q

What is the Bowman’s space?

A

The space between the membrane surrounding vessels and the Bowman’s capsule.

49
Q

What produces the filtration barrier in a renal corpuscle?

A

The capillary endothelium and the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule.

50
Q

What is the function of filtration slits in the kidneys?

A

Allow plasma to pass through the filtration barrier.

51
Q

What epithelium is present in the PCT of the kidney?

A

Simple cuboidal with a brush border.

52
Q

What epithelium is present in the thin limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous.

53
Q

What epithelium is present in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

54
Q

What structures form the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa of the DCT, juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole, extraglomerular mesangial cells.

55
Q

What is the arrangement of muscle in the ureters?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle in the upper 2/3rds, 3 layers of smooth muscle in the lower 1/3rd.

56
Q

What epithelium lines the ureter?

A

Transitional epithelium.

57
Q

Describe the distribution of muscle in the bladder?

A

3 layers: outer longitudinal layer, middle circular layer, inner longitudinal layer. 3 layers together form the detrusor muscle.

58
Q

What epithelium is present in the bladder?

A

Transitional stratified epithelium.

59
Q

What is the function of umbrella cells in the bladder?

A

Umbrella cells on the surface layer make the epithelium impermeable.

Urinary System (11 decks)

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