Session 11-Regulation of protein function Flashcards
What are isoenzymes?
Different forms of the same enzyme that have different kinetic properties
True or false: accumulation of the product of a reaction inhibits the forward reaction
TRUE
Give an example of product inhibition
Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase activity
What relationship do allosteric enzymes show between rate and substrate concentration?
Sigmoidal, rather than rectangular hyperbola seen for simple enzymes
Complete the sentence:
Substrate binding to one subunit makes subsequent binding to other subunits progressively ______
Easier
What do allosteric activators do?
Increase the proportion of enzyme in the R state
What do allosteric inhibitors do?
Increase the proportion of enzyme in the T state
True or false: phosphofructokinase is not allosterically regulated
FALSE - it is and it sets the pace of glycolysis
What are the allosteric activators for phosphofructokinase? (2)
AMP
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
What are the allosteric inhibitors for phosphofructokinase? (3)
ATP
Citrate
H+
What do protein kinases do?
Transfer the terminal phosphate from ATP to the -OH group of Ser, Thr and Tyr
What do protein phosphatases do?
Reverse the effects of kinases by catalysing the hydrolytic removal of phosphoryl groups from proteins
Why is protein phosphorylation so effective? (5)
- Adds two negative charges
- A phosphoryl group can make H-bonds
- Rate of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation can be adjusted
- Links energy status of the cell to metabolism through ATP
- Allow for amplification effects
Complete the sentence:
When enzymes activate enzymes, the number of affected molecules _________ _____________ in an enzyme cascade
Increases geometrically
What does amplification of signals by kinase cascades allow?
Amplification of the initial signal by several orders of magnitude within a few milliseconds