Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 3 - GI > Session 10 - Gi malignancies > Flashcards

Session 10 - Gi malignancies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of oesophageal carcinoma?

A

1) weight loss
2) Progressively worsening dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How would you diagnose oesophageal carcinoma?

A

Endoscopy and biopsy Barium swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of gastric cancer?

A

Epigastric pain

Vomiting

Weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What investigations can be done for gastric cancer?

A

endoscopy and biopsy barium swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the macroscopic features of a gastric malignancy?

A

Macroscopic can be:

o Fungating – radiated folds of mucosa

o Ulcerating

o Infiltrative – called linitis plastica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 types of microscopic features a gastric malignancy can take?

A

o Intestinal origin with variable degrees of gland formation OR

o Diffuse – single cells and small groups with characteristic signet ring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give 4 ways in which a gastric malignancy can spread.

A
  • Directly into adjacent tissues
  • Lymph nodes
  • To the liver
  • Trans-coelomic – gets to ovaries and other organs via the peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you treat a gastric malignancy?

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemo
  • Herceptin – HER2 gene amplified in some gastric cancers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why can eradication of H pylori lead to regression of some gastric tumours?

A
  • Chronic inflammation of stomach by H pylori associated with gastric cancer
  • Some gastric carcinomas start off as gastric lymphomas which are associated with H pylori. Eradication of pylori may lead to regression of the tumour within a narrow window of time.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the macroscopic feature of an adenoma?

A

sessile (broad base) or pedunculated (narrow stalk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the microscopic features of an adenocarcinoma?

A

o Occasionally signet ring cell types

o Occasionally mucinous – mucous secreting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can an adenocarcinoma spread?

A
  • Portal venous system to liver
  • Direct through bowel wall to adjacent organs
  • Lymphatics to mesenteric lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 genetic diseases can increase risk of developing adenocarcinomas?

A

FAP - familial adenomatous polyposis 18q DCC deletion (deleted in colorectal cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What risk factors are associated with developing adenocarcinomas?

A

Age

Low fibre diet

High fat intake

Inflammatory bowel disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What clinical symptoms are associated with pancreatic carcinoma?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Jaundice
  • Trousseau’s sign – inflammation of vessels (phlebitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the microscopic features of pancreatic carcinoma?

A

o Well formed glands with or w/o mucin

o Some acinar tumours containing zymogen granules

17
Q

What are islet cell tumours?

A

Tumours of the endocrine cells of the pancreas.

18
Q

What is a gastrinoma and how does it cause gastric ulcers?

A

Tumour in pancreas that secretes excess gastrin and results in lots of acid production by the parietal cells of the stomach

19
Q

What projection is requested in an abdominal x ray?

A

AP

20
Q

What 3 abnormalities might you find in an abdominal x ray?

A
  • A lot of gas in the small bowel
  • Calcification
  • Bowel dilation
21
Q

How would small bowel obstruction present?

A

vomiting, distension, constipation, diarrhoea

22
Q

What 3 things can cause small bowel obstruction?

A

Hernias, tumours, inflammation

23
Q

How would large bowel obstructon present?

A

Faeculant vomiting, distention, constipation

24
Q

What 4 things can cause large bowel obstruction?

A

tumours, hernias, diverticular stricture, volvulus

25
Q

How would you assess an accumulation of fluid/gas in the peritoneum?

A

Erect chest x ray - ask patient to stand for 15 minutes so that gas collects under diaphragm.

26
Q

What is a barium swallow used for?

A

• Motility abnormalities and anatomical lesions observed

27
Q

What is a small bowel enema used for?

A

• Used to visualise obstructions and strictures

28
Q

What are the 3 different planes one can observe through an abdominal CT?

A
  • Transverse
  • Sagittal – through the midline
  • Coronal – through the proximal to medial line
29
Q

What is an abdominal CT used for?

A
  • Defining organs
  • Detect thickened bowel, masses, abscesses or fistulae
30
Q

What is an MRI used for?

A

• Used for abscesses and fistula in the perianal region

31
Q

What is ultrasound used for? What can it diagnose?

A
  • Best for fluid filled lesions
  • Used to diagnose cholecystits, aortic aneurysms and appendicitis
32
Q

What is an angiography used for?

A

• Visualise the GI vascular system following a puncture

33
Q
A

ESA 3 - GI (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions