Session 1 Principles Flashcards
what are the functions of bone?
- support
- protection
- metabolic processes
- storage
- movement
- Haematopoeisis
what are the functions skeletal muscle?
- locomotion
- posture
- metabolic (glycogen storage)
- venous return
- heat via shivering
- urinal and foetal continence via sphincters.
what is the function of a tendon?
force transmission from muscle to bone.
Dense regular connective.
collagen parallel.
*poor blood supply and less water means tendons heal slowly.
what is the function of a ligament?
support bone to bone
limits movement defining allowed ROM.
dense regular connective.
*arch of foot maintained.
what is the function of fascia?
sheets of connective tissue that compartmentalise and protect muscle. each compartment similar action, identical innervation usually, similar blood supply.
what are the 2 types of cartilage and their functions.
- articular: end of long bones and decreases friction.
- fibrocartilage: shock absorber, increases bone congruity.
what is the function of synovial membrane?
secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication.
what is a bursa and what does it do?
a synovial fluid filled sac to protect tendons, ligaments from friction.
what do you know about blood vessels and growth within bones?
Metaphysis and Epiphysis fuses with the growth of a child and epiphyseal plate of cartilage decreases in size. once fused blood vessels grow through to epiphysis.
decrease the relationship between range of movement and stability at joints.
- joints connect one bone to another.
- when there’s high range of movement at a joint there is a higher chance of dislocation, aka low stability.
eg: Hips, shoulder, knees.
what are the three classifications of joints?
- fibrous
- cartliginous
- synovial
describe fibrous joints.
make-up, mobility and location
- collagen fibres joining bones.
- limited mobility.
- found where great strength and stability required.
eg: suture in skull.
describe cartilaginous joints.
make-up, mobility and location
- cartilage acts like glue holding bone together.
- limited mobility but more than fibrous.
- ends of growing bones or along midline of adult body.
eg: primary site- epiphyseal site.
secondary site- pubic symphis.
describe synovial joints.
make-up, mobility and location
- separate bones capped by smooth articular cartilage with thin film of synovial fluid seperating them.
- highly mobile.
- all over skeleton.
types of synovial joints.
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- saddle
- condyloid
- ball and socket
how do synovial joints develop?
!!!!!
classes of levers and joints.
- first-class lever - neck
- second-class lever - tip toes (wheelbarrow)
- third-class lever - elbow flexion
differentiate between origin and insertion in muscles and their relationship.
origin - ‘stationary’ proximal anchor point, closest to torso. eg: bicep at shoulder end.
insertion - ‘mobile’ distal attachment point eg: Bicep at elbow end.
both are 2 ends that have tendons that attach muscles to bones, muscle contraction symmetrical so equal force exerted upon both.
can muscles push?
muscles can only pull, and can only act on joints/tendons they cross.
muscles work together and almost never in isolation with CNS coordination.
muscles don’t always shorten during ‘pulling’ : distinguish.
concentric, eccentric, isometric
concentric contraction - muscles pull while shortening eg: bicep curl.
eccentric contraction - muscles pull while lengthening eg: knee extensors, the quads that ache when walking downhill with weight + gravity.
Isometric - muscle pulls while same length eg: carrying a load.
Types of muscle
- parallel.
- fusiform (more fibres = more power like bicep)
- circular (sphincter, a parallel circled)
- triangular (fanned out fusiform)
- pennate (uni, bi or multipennate)
what to consider when predicting muscle action?
- where does it attach?
- how many joints does it cross?
- how is it related to joint? (anterior or posterior)
- what direction do fibres run in?
what are Aponeuroses?
flattened sheet like tendons that anchors a muscle or connects it with the part that the muscle move.
Hiltons Law
nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle
