Session 1 Principles

Question 1

what are the functions of bone?

Answer 1

• support
• protection
• metabolic processes
• storage
• movement
• Haematopoeisis

Question 2

what are the functions skeletal muscle?

Answer 2

• locomotion
• posture
• metabolic (glycogen storage)
• venous return
• heat via shivering
• urinal and foetal continence via sphincters.

Question 3

what is the function of a tendon?

Answer 3

force transmission from muscle to bone.

Dense regular connective.
collagen parallel.

*poor blood supply and less water means tendons heal slowly.

Question 4

what is the function of a ligament?

Answer 4

support bone to bone
limits movement defining allowed ROM.

dense regular connective.

*arch of foot maintained.

Question 5

what is the function of fascia?

Answer 5

sheets of connective tissue that compartmentalise and protect muscle. each compartment similar action, identical innervation usually, similar blood supply.

Question 6

what are the 2 types of cartilage and their functions.

Answer 6

• articular: end of long bones and decreases friction.

- fibrocartilage: shock absorber, increases bone congruity.

Question 7

what is the function of synovial membrane?

Answer 7

secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication.

Question 8

what is a bursa and what does it do?

Answer 8

a synovial fluid filled sac to protect tendons, ligaments from friction.

Question 9

what do you know about blood vessels and growth within bones?

Answer 9

Metaphysis and Epiphysis fuses with the growth of a child and epiphyseal plate of cartilage decreases in size. once fused blood vessels grow through to epiphysis.

Question 10

decrease the relationship between range of movement and stability at joints.

Answer 10

• joints connect one bone to another.
• when there’s high range of movement at a joint there is a higher chance of dislocation, aka low stability.
  eg: Hips, shoulder, knees.

Question 11

what are the three classifications of joints?

Answer 11

• fibrous
• cartliginous
• synovial

Question 12

describe fibrous joints.

make-up, mobility and location

Answer 12

• collagen fibres joining bones.
• limited mobility.
• found where great strength and stability required.
  eg: suture in skull.

Question 13

describe cartilaginous joints.

make-up, mobility and location

Answer 13

• cartilage acts like glue holding bone together.
• limited mobility but more than fibrous.
• ends of growing bones or along midline of adult body.
  eg: primary site- epiphyseal site.
  secondary site- pubic symphis.

Question 14

describe synovial joints.

make-up, mobility and location

Answer 14

• separate bones capped by smooth articular cartilage with thin film of synovial fluid seperating them.
• highly mobile.
• all over skeleton.

Question 15

types of synovial joints.

Answer 15

• plane
• hinge
• pivot
• saddle
• condyloid
• ball and socket

Question 16

how do synovial joints develop?

Answer 16

!!!!!

Question 17

classes of levers and joints.

Answer 17

• first-class lever - neck
• second-class lever - tip toes (wheelbarrow)
• third-class lever - elbow flexion

Question 18

differentiate between origin and insertion in muscles and their relationship.

Answer 18

origin - ‘stationary’ proximal anchor point, closest to torso. eg: bicep at shoulder end.
insertion - ‘mobile’ distal attachment point eg: Bicep at elbow end.

both are 2 ends that have tendons that attach muscles to bones, muscle contraction symmetrical so equal force exerted upon both.

Question 19

can muscles push?

Answer 19

muscles can only pull, and can only act on joints/tendons they cross.
muscles work together and almost never in isolation with CNS coordination.

Question 20

muscles don’t always shorten during ‘pulling’ : distinguish.

concentric, eccentric, isometric

Answer 20

concentric contraction - muscles pull while shortening eg: bicep curl.
eccentric contraction - muscles pull while lengthening eg: knee extensors, the quads that ache when walking downhill with weight + gravity.
Isometric - muscle pulls while same length eg: carrying a load.

Question 21

Types of muscle

Answer 21

• parallel.
• fusiform (more fibres = more power like bicep)
• circular (sphincter, a parallel circled)
• triangular (fanned out fusiform)
• pennate (uni, bi or multipennate)

Question 22

what to consider when predicting muscle action?

Answer 22

• where does it attach?
• how many joints does it cross?
• how is it related to joint? (anterior or posterior)
• what direction do fibres run in?

Question 23

what are Aponeuroses?

Answer 23

flattened sheet like tendons that anchors a muscle or connects it with the part that the muscle move.

Question 24

Hiltons Law

Answer 24

nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle