Gait Flashcards

1
Q

what is gait?

A
  • mechanism by which the body is transported using co-ordinated movement of major lower limb joints.
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2
Q

what are the 2 phases of gait?

A
  • stance : when foot is in contact with the ground.
  • swing : when foot is not in contact with the ground.
    60: 40 usually.
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3
Q

what are 5 important attributes needed for normal gait?

A
  • stability in stance : ability to stand on one leg until weight transferred from one leg to another.
  • foot clearance : raise foot off ground at swing.
  • pre-position for next phase.
  • adequate length of step for next stance.
  • energy conservation : energy efficient.
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4
Q

what is double support in gait?

A
  • two periods within normal gait cycle where both feet are in contact with the ground.
  • faster you walk, jog or run the period of double support decreases.
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5
Q

what is double float in gait?

A
  • a moment in gait where neither feet are in contact with the ground, usually in running or sprinting.
  • faster you run the longer the double float.
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6
Q

what happens to the stance swing ratio in sprinting?

A

essentially reverses so stance is only 40% and swing phase is 60%.

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7
Q

what are the subdivisions of stance phase?

A
  • initial contact : heel strike.
  • loading response : shock of impact absorbed by knee and ankle joint. rocks forward on heel.
  • mid-stance: foot flat and ready for forward propulsion.
  • terminal stance : ankle plantar-flexed heel of other leg off ground.
  • pre-swing : metatarsophalangeal joints push off on toes.
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8
Q

what are the subdivision of the swing phase?

A
  • initial swing : knee flexes to enable foot to clear ground.
  • mid swing : hip flexes and pelvis swings to move forward and dorsiflexion of ankle to neutral position.
  • terminal swing : knee extends, foot closer to ground for next heel strike.
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9
Q

define stride.

A
  • distance from initial contact with one leg to the next initial contact with same leg.
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10
Q

define step.

A
  • distance of initial contact with one leg to the initial contact with opposite leg.
    2 STEPS IN STRIDE.
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11
Q

define cadence.

A
  • number of steps per minute.
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12
Q

differentiate between kinematics and kinetics in gait.

A
  • kinematics mean motions themselves like joint angles whereas kinetics is the force and moments that cause the motion.
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13
Q

how do muscles conribute to the kinetics.

A
  • by producing force to provide stability opposing gravity.

- propel body segments forward through controlled movements of joints.

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14
Q

can you describe the roles played by muscles in the stance phase.

A
  • during initial contact the anterior compartment muscles like tibialis anterior (dorsiflexor of ankle) contracts and lengthens so foot doesn’t slap ground.
  • midstance tibialis relaxes.
  • terminal stance the posterior compartment muscles like gastrocnemius and soleus take over and plantar-flexes ankle.
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15
Q

how is energy conserved at gait?

A
  • minimise excursion of centre of gravity of body.
  • control momentum by eccentric contraction.
  • transferring energy between body segments using ligaments, tendons etc.
  • using muscles intermittently between stance and swing.
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16
Q

what is an antalgic gait?

A
  • limp, painful leg.
  • short stance phase in affected and lack of body weight shift to affected.
  • short swing in unaffected.
  • walking stick in opposite hand.
17
Q

what is a trendelenberg gait?

A
  • hip abductor weakness where pelvis drops on unaffected side in stance phase.
  • torso swings to affected side.
  • waddling.
18
Q

what is hemiplegic gait?

A
  • due to hemi-brain injury.
  • flexed upper limb, extended lower limb.
  • short step in unaffected and cicumduction in affected.
19
Q

what is diplegic gait?

A
  • neuromuscular diorders and causes scissoring.
  • tight muscle groups affected (psoas, adductors, hamstrings, calf).
  • ankles plantar-flexed.
  • forefoot makes initial contact.
20
Q

what is high steppage gait?

A
  • a foot drop where toes are hanging down with excessive hip-flexion on affected side.
  • foot slap.
21
Q

what is parkinsonian gait?

A
  • hard to initiate movement, short steps, shuffling, forward flexed and no arm swing.
22
Q

what is an ataxic gait?

A
  • cerebellar disorders,

- broad based, ‘reeling’, inco-ordinated, arms balancing, ‘drunk’.