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CV System - Alex's Cards (ESA2) > Session 1 Lecture - Introduction to the CV System > Flashcards

Session 1 Lecture - Introduction to the CV System Flashcards

1
Q

Which ventricle is filled with oxygenated blood?

A

Left ventricle

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2
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

Single layer of endothelium (simple squamous cells) and basal lamina

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3
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

A

1) Area available for exchange (larger area = quicker exchange)
2) Diffusion resistance (nature of molecule)
3) Concentration gradient

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4
Q

Which tissues will have more capillary density?

A

Those that are more metabolically active

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5
Q

What is the rate of blood flow known as?

A

Perfusion rate

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6
Q

Give three examples of tissues that require constant high blood flow

A

1) Brain
2) Heart muscle (myocardium)
3) Kidneys

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7
Q

Give two examples of tissues where blood flow varies

A

1) Skeletal muscle

2) Gut

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8
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood flow per minute

In a 70kg adult this is 5L of blood per minute

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9
Q

Name and describe the three layers of the pericardium

A

1) Fibrous layer (thick and not very elastic)
2) Parietal layer (outer serous layer attached to the the fibrous layer)
3) Visceral layer or epicardium (inner serous layer attached to the heart)

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10
Q

What is the name for excess fluid in the pericardium?

A

Cardiac tamponade

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11
Q

How does cardiac tamponade occur?

A

From a rupture of the heart (blood entering the pericardium) or cancer
The fibrous layer does not allow room for expansion so build up fluid causes compression on the heart

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12
Q

What is the name for fluid removal after cardiac tamponade?

A

Pericardiocentesis

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13
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Space between the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk (leading to pulmonary arteries)
It is the space that surgeons often use to put a clamp during heart lung bypass

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14
Q

Name the three branches of the arch of aorta

A

1) Brachiocephalic trunk
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left subclavian artery

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15
Q

Which arteries branch off the aortic sinus? (part of coronary circulation)

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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16
Q

Which arteries branch off from the left coronary artery?

A

1) Left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) also known as anterior interventricular coronary artery
2) Circumflex coronary artery

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17
Q

Which arteries branch off of the right coronary artery?

A

1) Posterior descending coronary artery

2) Acute marginal coronary artery

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18
Q

What is the name of the main venous drainage of the coronary circulation?

A

The coronary sinus (drains into right atrium to be pumped out to be oxygenated)

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19
Q

Which veins in the coronary circulation appear anterior?

A

1) Anterior cardiac veins
2) Great cardiac vein
3) Small cardiac vein

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20
Q

Which veins in the coronary circulation appear posterior?

A

1) Left marginal vein
2) Left posterior ventricular vein
3) Middle cardiac vein

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21
Q

Which is the only veins in coronary circulation that feeds directly into the right atrium rather than coronary sinus?

A

1) Anterior cardiac veins

22
Q

Why are patients likely to have a myocardial infarction if coronary artery blocked?

A

They are end arteries with few anastomoses (connections)

23
Q

What is the fluid from unclotted blood called?

A

Plasma

24
Q

What is the fluid from clotted blood called?

A

Serum

Serum = plasma - clotting factors

25
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

The total resistance posed to the ejecting heart

26
Q

Why might you get sludging of blood in the peripheries?

A

Increase in plasma viscosity = increase in whole blood viscosity
Most common cause is multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cells)

27
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Increase in red blood cells

28
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Increase in white blood cells

29
Q

What is thrombocythaemia?

A

Increase in platelets

30
Q

How can you measure inflammation?

A

Measure the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the bloodstream

31
Q

Give three examples of acute phase plasma proteins and why they might increase in number

A

1) Fibrinogen
2) Complement factors
3) C-reactive proteins

They increase in response to inflammation

32
Q

What are the two different types of blood flow?

A

1) Turbulent flow

2) Laminar flow

33
Q

In laminar blood flow where does blood move quickest?

A

In the middle of the blood vessel (creating a parabolic profile)

34
Q

Describe turbulent blood flow and 5 possible times when it might occur

A

It is blood flowing in all directions in the vessel and continually mixing
It may occur when:
1) The rate of blood flow is too great
2) When it passes by an obstruction in the vessel
3) When the blood has to make a sharp turn
4) When blood passes over a rough surface
5) Increased resistance to blood flow

35
Q

What is the relationship between flow and velocity?

A

When velocity increases flow decreases

36
Q

Does the aortic arch contain elastin?

A

Yes it does

37
Q

How are pressure and velocity related?

A

Pressure is inversely related to velocity

38
Q

What is the name for the up and down strokes of the systole and diastole curve?

A

1) Up = anacrotic limb

2) Down = dicrotic limb

39
Q

When do the coronary arteries fill?

A

During diastole (not systole)

40
Q

What are the names of the four valves in the heart and where do they appear?

A

1) Tricuspid valve (three leaflets) - between the right atrium and right ventricle
2) Pulmonary valve - between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
3) Mitral or bicuspid valve (two leaflets) - between the left atrium and left ventricle
4) Aortic valve - between the left ventricle and ascending aorta

41
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

The point when the aortic valve shuts

42
Q

How do you measure pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

43
Q

How can you estimate mean arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure

44
Q

When is retrograde flow in the arterial system highest?

A

When peripheral resistance is high (the blood bounces back)

45
Q

The strength or volume of the pulse is determined by 2 things..

A

1) The force the left ventricle ejects the blood

2) The pulse pressure

46
Q

What is a thready pulse?

A

A reduced pulse volume which can occur from left ventricular failure or hypovolaemia

47
Q

What is a bounding pulse?

A

A strong pulse pressure which can occur from bradycardia (slow heat rate) as this widens the pulse pressure

48
Q

What is the pulse that we feel?

A

A shockwave that arrives slightly before the blood itself

49
Q

Does a low peripheral resistance increase or decrease diastolic pressure?

A

Decrease diastolic pressure

e.g. from vasodilation of arterioles

50
Q

Does a low peripheral resistance increase or decrease pulse pressure?

A

Low peripheral resistance = low diastolic pressure = increased pulse pressure
Remember pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic

51
Q

What percentage of the arm must a blood pressure cuff cover?

A

80%

52
Q

What are phase 1 and phase 5 sounds when taking blood pressure?

A

Phase 1 = when you first start to hear sound when deflating (systolic pressure)
Phase 5 = when you no longer hear a sound when deflating (diastolic pressure)

CV System - Alex's Cards (ESA2) (9 decks)

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