Session 1 : Intro + Investigative Techniques

Question 1

Resolving power of the human eye?

(definition + value)

Answer 1

th distance by which 2 objects must be separatd to be seen as 1

0.2mm

Question 2

Who invented the first microscope?

what did he look at?

why did he call it “cells”?

Answer 2

robert hooke

dead cork (plant)

ir resebled monks’ cellula

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

how does light microscopes work?

Answer 4

Light from a mirror is reflected up through the specimen, to be viewed, into the powerful objective lens, which produces the first magnification

Question 5

what do we use to prevent specimens from rotting?

Answer 5

fomalin = a clear, colorless, aqueous solution of 40% Formaldehyde

Question 6

what allows tissues to be sliced thinly?

via what they get cut?

Answer 6

Paraffin, gets hard when cooled

via a microtome

Question 7

Haematoxylin

vs.

Eosin staining?

Answer 7

Haematoxylin stains the nucleus blue most strongly

Eosin stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix pink most strongly

Question 8

whats the staining used?

Answer 8

Eosin

Question 9

which staining?

Answer 9

haematoxylin

Question 10

which staining?

Answer 10

haematoxylin + Eosin

Question 11

what is cryosection?

when is used?

pros and cons?

Answer 11

freezing specimns via a cryostat

for oncological surgery

pros: fast preparation
cons: low quality

Question 12

polarising light microscopy?

used to diagnose?

Answer 12

it uses polarising filters to make use of polarised light, configuring the movement of light waves and forcing their vibration in a single direction.

Gout

Question 13

Gout

symptoms

diagnosis

treatment

Answer 13

trype of arthritis that occurs in the metatarso-phalangeal joint (MTP joint) of the big toe

signs: recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint

• polarised light microscopy: yellow Monosodium urate crytals in synovial fluid or a tophus (uric acid crystals)
• blood: +/- Hyperuricemia

treatment: NSAIDs, steroids

Question 14

psuedogout

Answer 14

calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in synovial fluid, maily affect the knees

Question 15

what are the crystals? which disease?

Answer 15

1. gout
2. psuedogout

Question 16

explain fluorescence microscopy?

when can we use it?

Answer 16

fluoresce emits energy “light” when irradiated with the light of a specific wavelength

to differentiate cancer types

Question 17

explain confocal microscopy?

Answer 17

an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation

Question 18

what other imaging resembles a confocal microscopy?

Answer 18

computed axial tomography scanning

(CAT scans)

Question 19

explain Immunohistochemistry (IHC)?

Answer 19

a technique for visualizing cellular components, like proteins (antigens, microtubule protein “tubulin”, insulin) by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens

Question 20

what are islets of langerhan?

what do they secrete?

Answer 20

cells in the pancreas that look like islands, and secrete insulin

Question 21

hybridoma cell?

Answer 21

fusion of B cell and myeloma cell

Question 22

Autoradiography?

Answer 22

using x-ray emission from a labelled particle

bio-analytical technique used to visualize the distribution of radioactive labeled substance with radioisotope in a biological sample

x-ray sensitive emulsion is used

shares principles of radionuclide scanning

Question 23

what substence used as a marker for nicotine recepters in autoradiography for smokers?

Answer 23

tritiated epibatidine (³H-EB)

Question 24

what substance is used on a radionuclide scan to visualize the thyroid gland?

Answer 24

iodine

Question 25

the largest and smallest cells in our body?

Answer 25

largest = oocyte

smallest = spermatocytes

Question 26

whats the link b/w resolution, wave length, and frequency?

Answer 26

high frequency - short wave length - good resolution

lowfrequency - long wave length - poor resolution

Question 27

what is TEM?

Answer 27

transmission electron microscopy: uses electron beam generated in a vacuum, passes through tissues and apear bright, but if absobed or scattered electrons -> they’ll apear dark

Question 28

what is freeze fracture electron microscope?

Answer 28

The tissue is frozen to -160^oC and fractured by hitting with a knife edge.

The fracture line passes through the plasma membrane exposing its interior which can then be imaged.

Question 29

what can u see? function?

Answer 29

tongue = filiform paillae = senses pressure

Question 30

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy ?

Answer 30

The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonant frequency, thus giving access to details of of the electronic structure of a molecule

shars principles of MRI

Question 31

What needs to be maintained constant in the internal environment?

Answer 31

– Concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt and other electrolytes

– Concentration of nutrients, waste products

– pH of internal environment

– Temperature of internal environment

– Volume and pressure of body fluid compartments