Session 1 - Intro + Histology

Question 1

Name the parts of the upper respiratory system.

Answer 1

• Nasal Cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx

Question 2

Name the parts of the lower respiratory tract in general terms.

Answer 2

• Trachea
• Primary Bronchi
• Lungs (can be split into many sub-divisions)

Question 3

How many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 3

Left has two lobes

Right has three lobes

Question 4

What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings around the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 4

Ensures that the lumens remain open despite what physical stress they are put under. This is especially important when we swallow

Question 5

What splits the nasal cavity into left and right nasal cavities?

Answer 5

The nasal septum

Question 6

What is the olfactory area?

Answer 6

The region of the nasal cavity that contains specialised cells allowing us to have the sense of smell

Question 7

What are conchae? And what is their purpose?

Answer 7

Ridges of bone on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, they hang like 3 short curtains on top of each other.
Their purpose is to increase the surface area available for heat exchange to warm the inhaled air.

Question 8

Which is the largest of the concha?

Answer 8

The inferior concha is the longest and broadest and is made of its own bone - inferior concha bone

Question 9

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 9

Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into cranial bones

Question 10

Name the four paranasal sinuses. And which is the largest?

Answer 10

• Frontal
• Ethmoidal
• Sphenoidal
• Maxillary (Largest)

Question 11

How the paranasal sinuses named?

Answer 11

They are named according to the bones in which they are located

Question 12

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 12

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 13

Which two parts of the respiratory tract does the larynx connect?

Answer 13

The Oropharynx superiorly to the trachea inferiorly

Question 14

Where in the respiratory tract are the vocal cords located?

Answer 14

The Larynx

Question 15

How is the Middle Ear connected to the Nasopharynx?

Answer 15

Anteriomedially by the Eustachian tube

Question 16

Which type of epithelium lines the most superior parts of the respiratory tract?

Answer 16

Pseudostratified cilated epithelium with goblet cells present

Question 17

Which regions of the respiratory tract are lined with simple columnar cilated epithelium with Clara cells?

Answer 17

The bronchioles + terminal bronchioles

Question 18

What is the purpose of Bowman’s Glands?

Answer 18

They are situated in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity where they produce serous solutions to flush away odourants from the surface to ensure that we can sense new smells in quick succession of each other.

Question 19

By which cells is Protein CC16 secreted by? And what can it’s levels indicate?

Answer 19

Clara Cells
If levels are low = Lung Damage
If levels are high = Leakage across blood-air barrier

Question 20

Why is it important that bronchioles do not have goblet cells?

Answer 20

The mucus that they would produce would cause us to drown in our own mucus

Question 21

Describe the kinetic theory of gases.

Answer 21

Gases are a collection of molecules moving around in space and pressure is generated by the molecules colliding with the walls of space.

Question 22

Describe Boyle’s Law.

Answer 22

If a given amount of gas is compressed into a smaller volume, the molecules will collide more often and hence pressure will increase

Question 23

Describe Charles’ Law.

Answer 23

Kinetic energy of molecules increases with temperature and hence so does pressure.

Question 24

What is the Universal gas law?

Answer 24

Pressure x Volume = Gas Constant x Temp(K)

Question 25

What is partial pressure?

Answer 25

In a mixture of gases, each is behaving independently of each other and so each as its own pressure that makes up part of the total pressure.

Question 26

What is Saturated Vapour Pressure?

Answer 26

When the rate of molecules entering and leaving water at thee same time is equal, this is SVP.

Question 27

What is tension in terms of the behaviour of gases with water?

Answer 27

Gas tensions indicate how readily gas will leave a liquid.

Question 28

What is Tidal Volume?

Answer 28

The lung volume that represents the amount of air that is displaced between NORMAL inspiration and expiration.

Question 29

What is the optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio?

Answer 29

0.8