Session 1 - Intro + Histology Flashcards
Name the parts of the upper respiratory system.
- Nasal Cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
Name the parts of the lower respiratory tract in general terms.
- Trachea
- Primary Bronchi
- Lungs (can be split into many sub-divisions)
How many lobes does each lung have?
Left has two lobes
Right has three lobes
What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings around the trachea and bronchi?
Ensures that the lumens remain open despite what physical stress they are put under. This is especially important when we swallow
What splits the nasal cavity into left and right nasal cavities?
The nasal septum
What is the olfactory area?
The region of the nasal cavity that contains specialised cells allowing us to have the sense of smell
What are conchae? And what is their purpose?
Ridges of bone on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, they hang like 3 short curtains on top of each other.
Their purpose is to increase the surface area available for heat exchange to warm the inhaled air.
Which is the largest of the concha?
The inferior concha is the longest and broadest and is made of its own bone - inferior concha bone
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into cranial bones
Name the four paranasal sinuses. And which is the largest?
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary (Largest)
How the paranasal sinuses named?
They are named according to the bones in which they are located
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Which two parts of the respiratory tract does the larynx connect?
The Oropharynx superiorly to the trachea inferiorly
Where in the respiratory tract are the vocal cords located?
The Larynx
How is the Middle Ear connected to the Nasopharynx?
Anteriomedially by the Eustachian tube
Which type of epithelium lines the most superior parts of the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified cilated epithelium with goblet cells present
Which regions of the respiratory tract are lined with simple columnar cilated epithelium with Clara cells?
The bronchioles + terminal bronchioles
What is the purpose of Bowman’s Glands?
They are situated in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity where they produce serous solutions to flush away odourants from the surface to ensure that we can sense new smells in quick succession of each other.
By which cells is Protein CC16 secreted by? And what can it’s levels indicate?
Clara Cells
If levels are low = Lung Damage
If levels are high = Leakage across blood-air barrier
Why is it important that bronchioles do not have goblet cells?
The mucus that they would produce would cause us to drown in our own mucus
Describe the kinetic theory of gases.
Gases are a collection of molecules moving around in space and pressure is generated by the molecules colliding with the walls of space.
Describe Boyle’s Law.
If a given amount of gas is compressed into a smaller volume, the molecules will collide more often and hence pressure will increase
Describe Charles’ Law.
Kinetic energy of molecules increases with temperature and hence so does pressure.
What is the Universal gas law?
Pressure x Volume = Gas Constant x Temp(K)
What is partial pressure?
In a mixture of gases, each is behaving independently of each other and so each as its own pressure that makes up part of the total pressure.
What is Saturated Vapour Pressure?
When the rate of molecules entering and leaving water at thee same time is equal, this is SVP.
What is tension in terms of the behaviour of gases with water?
Gas tensions indicate how readily gas will leave a liquid.
What is Tidal Volume?
The lung volume that represents the amount of air that is displaced between NORMAL inspiration and expiration.
What is the optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio?
0.8
