Session 1 - Intro

Question 1

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 1

Make generalised conclusions based on specific scenarios

Observation -> Pattern -> Hypothesis -> Theory

Question 2

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 2

Start from general statements to reach specific conclusion

Theory -> Hypothesis -> Observation -> Confirmation

Question 3

SMART Research Question

Answer 3

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Timely

Question 4

PICOT Research Question

Answer 4

Population
Intervention
Comparator
Outcome
Time Frame

Question 5

FINER Research Question

Answer 5

Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant

Question 6

Examples Quantitative Variables
(continuous and categorical)

Answer 6

Continuous - height, weight, time, afe, income, questionnaire scale, number of sessions
Categorical - gender, marital status, education, disease severity, group (intervention / control)

Question 7

Evidence Based Medicine - principles

Answer 7

Conscientious, explicit, judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about care of individual patients
Integrates individual clinical expertise, and best available external evidence
Hierarchy of Evidence

Question 8

Hierarchy of Evidence - Research Methods

Answer 8

Systematic review RCTs
RCT
Other controlled clinical trials
Observational studies
Case studies, anecdote, expert opinion

Question 9

Systematic Review

Answer 9

Uses explicit, systematic methods to collate and synthesise findings of
studies that address a clearly formulated question
● Meta-analyses often form part of systematic reviews but not always
○ Uses statistical methods to combine data from studies
● Studies must be homogenous to combine
● Conclusions only answer specific question and only as reliable as the
studies they include

Question 10

Case report / case series

Answer 10

May give first indicators of associations for emerging diseases and development of hypothesis

Question 11

Observational studies - types by ‘when outcomes determined’

Answer 11

After exposure / intervention = cohort study
At the same time = cross sectional study
Before exposure was determined = case-control