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ESA 2 - CVS > Session 1 - Intorudction To + Histology Of The CVS > Flashcards

Session 1 - Intorudction To + Histology Of The CVS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the minimum and maximum amount of blood that the heart must pump?

A

5 - 25 L/min

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2
Q

What blood flow must the heart supply to the brain and at what times?

A

0.75 L/min at all times

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3
Q

What three organs must have a constant blood supply?

A

Brain, Heart Muscle and Kidneys

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4
Q

Which tissue has the greatest difference in minimum and maximum blood flow?

A

Muscle - 1-16 L/min

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5
Q

What are the main functional components of the circulation?

A
  • A Pump
  • Distribution Vessels
  • Flow Control
  • Capacitance
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6
Q

What is the average distribution of blood over the major parts of the circulation?

A
  • 67% in Veins (3.35L)
  • 17% in Heart and Lungs (0.85L)
  • 11% in Arteries and Arterioles (0.55L)
  • 5% in Capillaries (0.25L)
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7
Q

What are the functions of arteries as a whole?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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8
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

Elastic (conducting) and Muscular (distributing)

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9
Q

What is the main function of arterioles?

A

To regulate the amount of blood reaching an organ or tissue and regulate bp

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10
Q

What is the diameter of arteries and arterioles controlled by?

A

The Autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What do arterioles flow into?

A

Metarterioles

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12
Q

What is the main function of capillaries?

A

Facilitate exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues

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13
Q

What do capillaries flow into?

A

Venules

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14
Q

What two mechanisms do veins have to ensure that blood flows back to the heart?

A

Valves and muscular pumps

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15
Q

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia

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16
Q

What is the main feature of the tunica media in elastic arteries?

A

40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes

17
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

“Vessels with vessels” - Lymphatic vessels and nerve fibres in the tunica adventitia

18
Q

What is the main feature of the tunica media of the muscular arteries?

A

40 layers of smooth muscle cells (connected with gap junctions)

19
Q

How is vasoconstriction stimulated in muscular arteries?

A
  • Noradrenaline released by nerve endings
  • Diffuses through fenestrations into external tunica media
  • Depolarise superficial smooth muscle cells
  • Depolarisation propagated by gap junctions
20
Q

In strenuous exercise what happens to the blood flow through arterioles to the intestine?

A

It decreases by constriction (after a big meal the opposite will occur)

21
Q

What are the individual muscle cells called in metarterioles?

A

Precapillary Sphincters

22
Q

What is the role of Precapillary Sphincters?

A

Control blood flow to the capillary bed

23
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels return excess ECF to the blood stream?

A

At the internal jugular and subclavian veins

24
Q

What are pericytes? And what is their function?

A

Cells that are present on the outer surface of capillaries.

They are capable of dividing into muscle cells and fibroblasts

25
Q

How do fenestrated capillaries differ from continuous capillaries?

A

There are pores in the endothelium

26
Q

How do sinusoid capillaries differ from fenestrated capillaries?

A

There are larger pores

27
Q

How is the pressure in the Post-capillary veins important?

A

It insures fluid flows into them from capillaries and surrounding tissue

28
Q

What is the general rule about the diameter of a vein and its accompanying artery?

A

Larger in the vein

29
Q

Give a few examples of Large Veins

A

Vena Cava, Pulmonary, Portal, Renal, Internal jugular, iliact and azygous

30
Q

What is special about the tunica adventitia in large veins?

A

It contains longitudinally orientated smooth muscle (as well as the circular muscle in tunica media)

31
Q

What is diffusion affected by?

A
  • Area available
  • Diffusion Resistance (difficulty or movement through barrier)
  • Conc Gradient

ESA 2 - CVS (9 decks)

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