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IR 20th Century History > Session 1 - Imperialism > Flashcards

Session 1 - Imperialism Flashcards

Imperialism & the Collapse of the Concert of Europe

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0
Q

Isolationism

A
  • Isolating one’s country, avoiding foreign entanglement

- popular with US in the interwar period

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1
Q

New imperialism

A
  • Europe dominated the globe
  • Population, machine power, technical edge
  • Stability at home
  • scramble for Africa
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2
Q

Great Powers

A

France, Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia

  • Power: size of pop, territory, finance, industrial output
  • “courtesy power” - Italy & US
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3
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

-1823, US would not tolerate European intervention in Western affairs

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5
Q

Great Powers

A
  • States capable of shared responsibility for the management of the international order
  • Based on military & economic influence
  • Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
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6
Q

Isolationism

A
  • policy of isolating one’s country by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities
  • popular in the US during the interwar years
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7
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A
  • 1823, by President Monroe

- Announced that the US would not tolerate intervention by the European Powers in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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8
Q

Self-determination

A
  • idea that each national group has the right to establish its own national state
  • Associated with Wilsonian internationalism, key driving force in the struggle to end imperialism
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9
Q

Concert of Europe

A
  • 19th century European system of regulation of international affairs by the Great Powers
  • Balance of power, shared rules of conduct, values, goals, & diplomatic practices between the Great Powers
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10
Q

Entente Cordiale

A
  • coined to describe the Anglo-French rapprochement that took place in 1904, used for general relationship in 20th century
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11
Q

Reichstag

A
  • lower house of the German parliament during the Wilhelmine & Weimar periods
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12
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A
  • German pre-1914 plan for pre-emptive military offensive against France
  • Would involve troops passing through neutral Belgium
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13
Q

Young Turks

A
  • 1908, young army officers who pushed the Ottoman Empire towards reformist policies & a more overtly Turkish nationalist stance
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14
Q

Bolsheviks

A
  • 1903 - a faction led by Lenin within the Russian Social Democratic Party (originally) - became separate party
  • led October 1917 revolution in Russia
  • After, used to refer to Soviet government/communists in general
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15
Q

Fourteen Points

A
  • Speech by Woodrow Wilson, Jan 8th, 1918
  • Post-war world vision
  • Open diplomacy, self-determination, & a post-war international organization
  • Reformist reply to Bolsheviks’ peace manifesto
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16
Q

Weimar Republic

A
  • German parliamentary democracy that existed between Nov 1918 and Jan 1933
  • Never won the loyalty of the majority
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17
Q

Danzig

A
  • Important port city in the Baltic Sea
  • 1919 - made it a “free city” under the League of Nations - give Poland free access to the sea
  • Return of the city to German sovereignty was a key issue for German nationalists btwn wars
  • The Danzig question was exploited by Hitler as a pretext for attack on Poland in 1939
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18
Q

Versailles Treaty

A

1919 - ended the Allied state of hostilities with Germany

- German territorial losses, disarmament, war guilt clause & demand that reparations be paid

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19
Q

Anschluss

A
  • political union of Germany & Austria
  • specifically prohibited under the Versailles Treaty
  • Carried out by Hitler in 1938 w/o resistance
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20
Q

Sudentenland

A
  • Area of Bohemia mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans
  • 1919 - Czech side of the Czech-German border
  • 1938 - led to an international crisis ending in the infamous Munich Agreement
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21
Q

Locarno Treaties

A
  • October 1925, Switzerland

- Rhineland Pact - France, Germany & Belgium - demilitarization of the Rhineland, turning point in international affairs

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22
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A
  • 27 August 1928
  • US Secretary of State - Frank Kellogg, suggested that the two states should agree to renounce war
  • Others agreed to join the US & France (65 total)
  • Often seen as an empty gesture indicative of the idealistic internationalism of the inter-war years
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23
Q

Young Plan

A
  • 1929 financial scheme, by American businessman
  • Informally agreed upon that reparations would be scaled back further if the former European Allies secured a reduction in debt repayments to the US
  • German, French & British delegates
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24
Q

Nazi Party

A
  • National Socialist German Workers Party
  • Oct 1918 - founded to oppose capitalism & Marxism, more notorious title began in 1920 - one year later Hitler became the leader
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25
Q

Protectionism

A
  • regulating imports through high tariffs with the purpose of shielding domestic industries from foreign competition
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26
Q

Manchuria

A
  • the 3 north-eastern provinces of China

- 1932-1945 - became Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo

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27
Q

Pacific War

A
  • 1941-1945 - Allied war against Japan
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28
Q

pan-Asianism

A
  • idea that Asia should free itself from Western imperialism, unite in a common effort to modernize
  • Mainly from Japan before 1945
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29
Q

Open door

A
  • maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial & industrial rights for the nationals of all countries
  • By the US, 19th century for safeguarding American economic interests in China
30
Q

mandates

A
  • the colonial territories of Germany & the Ottoman Empire

- entrusted to Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and South Africa by League of Nations

31
Q

Comintern

A
  • Communist or Third International founded in Moscow in 1919 as an organization to direct & support the activities of the Communist parties outside Russia
  • Abolished in 1943 - short-lived effort by Stalin to reassure Britain and the US that the Soviet Union no longer sought to export Marxism-Leninism
32
Q

Guomindang (GMD)

A
  • the Chinese Nationalist party founded in 1913 by Sun Yatsen
  • 1928 - came into power, initiated a modernization program before leading the country into war against Japan in 1937
  • Lost control in 1949 due to communist victory
  • Controlled Taiwan from 1949-2000
33
Q

autarky

A
  • a policy that aims at achieving national economic self-sufficiency
  • commonly associated with the economic programs espoused by Germany, Italy & Japan in 1930s & 40s
34
Q

Axis Powers

A
  • 1936 - Fascist Italy & Nazi Germany
  • reinforced by the Pact of Steel - May 1939
  • Often referred to relationship of Germany, Italy, & Japan
  • Tripartite Pact - Sept 1940
35
Q

Dominions

A
  • a completely self-governing colony which is freely associated with the mother country
  • British Empire: Australia, Canada, Irish Free State (1922-49), New Zealand, South Africa
36
Q

Princely States

A
  • the states in British India that remained formally under the control of local rulers rather than British administration (i.e. Hyderabad and Kashmir)
37
Q

Khalifat Movement

A
  • the protest movement that swept through the Islamic world from 1919 to 1923
  • In opposition to the harsh treatment meted out by the Christian powers to the Ottoman sultan, who as Caliph was one of the protectors of the faith
38
Q

pan-Arabism

A
  • movement for Arab unity as manifested in the Fertile Crescent & Greater Syria schemes
  • Attempted unification of Egypt, Syria, and Libya
39
Q

Suez Crisis

A
  • Failed attempt by Britain & France in 1956 to take advantage of a war between Israel & Egypt by seizing control of the Suez Canal and bringing down the government of Gamal Abdel Nasser
  • Often taken as a symbol of the collapse of European imperialism & the rise of the Third World
40
Q

import substitution

A
  • process whereby a state attempts to achieve economic growth by raising protective tariffs to keep out imports & replacing them with indigenously produced goods
41
Q

Atlantic Charter

A
  • Signed by Roosevelt & Churchill, Aug 1941

- Committed US & Britain to support democracy, self-determination & the liberalization of international trade

42
Q

What is an empire?

A
  • Stephen Howe - “a large, composite, multi-ethnic or multi-national political unit, usually created by conquest, & divided between a dominant center and subordinate, sometimes far distant, peripheries”
  • Michael Doye, “A relationship, formal or informal, in which one state controls the effective political sovereignty of another political society”
43
Q

Imperial features

A
  • dominance of one over another
  • cultural & political hierarchies
  • domination + direct & indirect control
44
Q

Pre-19th Century Maritime Empires

A
  • Portugal
  • Dutch
  • French
  • Spanish
45
Q

Pre-19th Century Land Empire

A
  • Russia, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
  • Hapsburg Monarchy - very multinational
  • U.S. - imperialism w/o colonies
46
Q

Imperialism of the late 19th century

A
  • nation-state, age of “territoriality”
  • European geopolitical stability & balance of power - look elsewhere to expand
  • technological innovations & greater mobility
  • capitalism & industrialization
47
Q

Power

A
  • how exploitable this territory is & your ability to exploit
48
Q

Drivers of New Imperial Race

A
  • the security dimension
  • economics
  • ideology
49
Q

Driver - security

A
  • global projection of European equilibrium
  • security dilemma & vicious cycle - victory for one was an automatic loss for the others
  • naval competition
50
Q

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

A
  • 1890
  • Alfred Mahan
  • if you control the sea routes, you control the world
51
Q

Driver - economics

A
  • search for raw materials
  • surplus of capital & goods
  • specific interests - “imperial elites”
  • colonial elites
  • proto-globalization - increased global trade
52
Q

Driver - ideology

A
  • race - entitled to conquer others
  • prestige (“place in the sun”)
  • mission & Christianity
53
Q

Driver - domestic factors

A
  • nationalism
  • imperial elites
  • political & electoral advantages
54
Q

Main imperial theaters?

A
  • Africa
  • The Far East
  • The Middle East
55
Q

Bernhard Von Bulow

A
  • 1897
  • demand our place in the sun
  • metaphor used to justify imperialism
56
Q

Africa

A
  • divided among many European powers (1875-1900)
  • Scramble for Africa & Conference of Berlin (1885)- regulate & discipline imperial race in Africa
  • principle of effective occupation
  • free trade in the Congo Basin
  • free navigation
57
Q

The Far East

A
  • China - conflict/collaboration among Great Powers - Open Door Notes
  • Collapse of China
58
Q

The Middle East

A
  • Gradual implosion of the Ottoman Empire
  • Connection to Northern Africa
  • Anglo-Russian competition
59
Q

Imperial Conflicts I: Franco-German Competition in North Africa

A
  • 1905: I Moroccan Crisis: Germany Isolated

- 1911: II Moroccan Crisis: Morocco became a French protectorate

60
Q

Imperial Conflicts II: German-British Competition in South Africa

A
  • German hope to partition the Portuguese colonies
61
Q

Imperial Conflicts III: Anglo-French Competition in Eastern Africa

A
  • Fashoda, 1898

- French attempt to control the Nile River & Sudan

62
Q

Imperial Conflicts IV: Anglo-Russian Competition in Perisa

A
  • Britain: Afghanistan & Pakistan to protect India from Russia
  • Division in spheres of influence
63
Q

Imperial Conflicts V: Austrian-Serb Competition in the Balkans

A
  • 1908: annexation of Bosnia
64
Q

Imperial Legacies

A
  • Crisis in European balance of power & rigid polarity in terms of alliances
  • global hierarchies of power
65
Q

Historiography: Two Dualities

A
  • Internal & external - European/colonial, core/periphery, developed/underdeveloped
66
Q

John Hobson

A
  • imperialism as an outlet for surplus
67
Q

Lenin

A
  • core-periphery model, highest/latest stage of capitalism

- role of financial capital benefitting from imperialism

68
Q

John Gallagher & Ronald Robinson

A
  • importance of local collaborators, strategic/geopolitical considerations before economic ones
69
Q

Immanuel Wallerstein

A
  • world-system theory, full integration & disappearance of core-periphery duality
70
Q

Edward Said

A
  • post-colonial studies, imperial discourse, subordinate subjects
  • Europe’s dependence on those whom it subordinated
71
Q

Samir Amin

A
  • Eurocentrism, emphasis on proto-capitalist & non-European regional systems

IR 20th Century History (14 decks)

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