Session 1 ILOs - Introduction to MSK and radiology

Question 1

List the functions of bone

Answer 1

• Support
• Protection
• Haematopoiesis
• Movement
• Metabolic
• Storage

Question 2

List the functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 2

• Movement
• Posture
• Metabolic
• Venous return
• Heat production
• Continence

Question 3

List the functions of connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, cartilage (A and F), synovial membranes, bursa)

Answer 3

Tendons

• Muscle to bone
• Force transmission

Ligaments
- Support bone to bone

Cartilage

• Articular, reduces friction
• Fibrocartilage, shock absorption and bone congruity/fit

Synovial membranes
- Secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication

Bursa ‘pillows’
- Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect tendons and ligaments etc. from friction

Question 4

What is the trade off in bone joints?

Answer 4

Trade off between range of moment (ROM) and stability

Question 5

Explain the 3 types of joints in order of mobility (least mobile first) and where they are generally found

Answer 5

1. Fibrous (very limited mobility)
   - Collagen fibres joining bones
   - Found where strength/stability is required
2. Cartilaginous (limited mobility)
   - Primary (immobile and hyaline) and secondary (symphes which is hyaline and a pad of fibrocartilage)
   - Cartilage ‘glues’ bones together
   - Found at the ends of growing bones or along midline
3. Synovial (most mobile)
   - Bones are capped with smooth articular cartilage and synovial fluid film
   - Found all over the skeleton

Question 6

List the various types of synovial joint and an example of each joint

Answer 6

• Plane e.g. within the foot
• Hinge e.g. elbow
• Pivot e.g. radius and ulnar
• Saddle e.g. metacarpals
• Condyloid e.g. wrist bones
• Ball and socket e.g. hip

Question 7

Explain the 3 types of skeletal muscle contraction and an example for each

Answer 7

Concentric contraction - muscle pulls while shortening
e.g. biceps curl

Eccentric contraction - muscle pulls while lengthening
e.g. knee extensors while walking downhill

Isometric contraction - muscle pulls while staying the same length
e.g. carrying a load

Question 8

Outline the different arrangement of muscles (e.g. parallel)

Answer 8

Parallel

• Fusiform
• Strap
• Triangular/fan

Pennate

• Uni-pennate
• Bi-pennate
• Multi-pennate

Circular

Question 9

What is Hilton’s Law

Answer 9

Hilton’s Law is the principal that the nerve supplying a muscle extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle

Question 10

List the 7 types of fractures

Answer 10

• Transverse
• Linear
• Oblique non-displaced
• Oblique displaced
• Spiral
• Greenstick
• Comminuted