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MPSY 1513 > Session 1: Health psychology, development theories and behaviours > Flashcards

Session 1: Health psychology, development theories and behaviours Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what health psychology is.

A

*study of the mind
*closely linked to other medical specialties instead of
psychiatry.

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2
Q

What does it mean to “substitute skills for pills”?

A
  • increase in medical knowledge and high tech medicine
  • people function as part of a system, thus should be treated accordingly
  • diagnosis and treatment of a patient should depend on way more than anatomy and physiology.
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3
Q

How do the body and mind interact with each other?

A
  • underlying physical factors have been linked to psychiatric disorders
  • biological factors are significant in aetiology and treatment of psychiatric diseases
  • psychosocial factors are impactful which leads to concern for biological phenomena in disease in clinical health psychology & clinical health psychology
  • understanding disorders bio-psychosocially is NB
  • psychological and physical care= inseparable
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4
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A
  • Study of human development from conception to death
  • It gives a clear and precise understanding of what development entails and its underlying processes
  • Its aim is to systemize, interpret and explain development
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5
Q

What are the 4 domains of development?

A
  1. Personality
  2. Social
  3. Cognitive
  4. Physical
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6
Q

What does physical development entail?

A
  • growth of organs and body
  • changes in internal structure & physiology
  • CNS and senses are linked w/ cognition and perception
  • Endocrine glands are linked w/ development
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7
Q

What does cognitive development entail?

A
  • acquiring info, transforming it, storing and retrieving it to direct behavior
  • processes and products of the mind
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8
Q

What does personality development entail?

A
  • attributes that contribute to a person’s behavior in interaction w/ the environment = personality
  • personality development = perception of oneself and identification w/ others
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9
Q

What does social development entail?

A

-changes in social interactions & influence of society & people on an individual

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10
Q

What are the 7 developmental stages?

A
  1. Prenatal stage
    * germinal period
    * embryonic period
    * foetal period
  2. Neonatal stage and infancy
  3. Early childhood
  4. Middle childhood
  5. Adolscence
  6. Early and middle adulthood
  7. Late adulthood
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11
Q

What are the 4 determinants of development and what does each entail?

A
  1. Constitutional determinant
    * condition, state of development and nature of total organism
  2. Genetic determinant
    * characteristics inherited from parents’ genes
  3. Environmental determinant
    * environmentalism > most individual differences are attributed to environmental factors
  4. Personal determinant
    * humans can influence their own development
    * personal factors are seen as unique totality of a person’s characteristics at a given developmental stage
    * codetermines further physical and social development
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12
Q

What does Freud’s psychosexual theory entail?

A
  • Behaviour determined by drives and psyche
  • psychic determinism leads to limited freedom of choice
  • composed of:
    1. development of the structure of the personality
    2. changes in the sexual drive
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13
Q

What are the 3 elements of personality?

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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14
Q

Discuss the concept of the id.

A
  • Present @ birth
  • Psychic energy is needed for psychic functioning
  • Psychic = psychological
  • It does’t include clairvoyence
  • Psychic energy is produced constantly and must be used up to prevent building up and causing pain and discomfort
  • When psychic energy is not used, it causes buildup and leads to neurosis and behavioural problems
  • Psychic energy is linked to drives
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15
Q

What are the two drives of life?

A
  1. Life drive (Eros)

2. Death drive (Thanatos)

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16
Q

What are the two components of the life drive?

A
  1. Sexual drive

2. Ego drive

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17
Q

Explain the ego drive.

A 
*Concern for individual's survival - incl. need for food, 
 H20 and O2
*No serious guilt feelings 
*Few/no psychological problems
* Not bound to strict moral rules
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18
Q

Explain the sexual drive.

A
  • Society limits satisfaction of sexual and aggressive drives
  • Associated w/ guilt feelings
  • Causes psychological problems
  • Focus of Freud’s theory which is a psychosexual theory
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19
Q

What does the death drive entail?

A
  • Explains war, suicide, aggression and death
  • Contained in the id
  • Aim is self-destruction
  • Desire to return to inorganic state
  • Conflicts w/ life drive
  • Energy is expressed as aggression and destruction
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20
Q

What are the Freudian 5 stages of the lifespan?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Genital
  4. Phallic
  5. Latent
21
Q

Discuss the Oral stage.

A
  • From birth to 12 months
  • Mouth is the erogenous zone
  • Sucking mom’s breast gives nutrition and sexual satisfaction
  • Thumb sucking, breasts sucking and dummy are precursors for future sexual gratification
  • When unsatisfied, individual has prolonged thumb sucking, nail biting, overeating and smoking.
22
Q

Discuss the Anal stage.

A
  • From 12 months to 3 years
  • Anus is the erogenous zone
  • Control of excretions is learnt
  • Sexual pleasure is derived from excretory functions
  • Children realise get certain reactions from people
  • Parents, which are society, have an influence in the child’s toilet training
  • The child’s excretory functions is subject to society’s rules > erotic pleasure is restricted
  • As child learns more society rules, the superego develops
  • Toilet training influences neatness, punctuality, thrift, cleanliness and accuracy
23
Q

Discuss the Phallic stage.

A
  • From 3 to 6 years
  • Sexual organs, esp. penis = erogenous zone
  • Boys develop Oedipus’s complex
  • mixture of fantasies & guilt
  • Boys sexually desire mothers
  • Jealous of father, hate him and wish to kill him
  • Superego develops when boy starts to fear and respect father
  • Copes w/ Oedipus’s complex by relating to dad
  • Girls develop the Electra complex
24
Q

Discuss the Latent stage.

A
  • From 6-11 years
  • No new erogenous zones
  • Further development of superego
  • Child identifies w/ same sex parent
  • Associates w/ same sex kids and learns sex-appropriate behaviour though imitation
  • Energy is channeled in school and social activities
25
Q

Discuss the Genital stage.

A
  • Adolscence period
  • Sexual drives become NB
  • Reliving of Phallic stage to a higher degree
  • Ego and superego is well-developed
  • Realistic thinking
  • If pre-genital stages were successful, individual is led to mature sexuality, marriage and reproduction
  • Heterosexual relationships are a repetition of unconscious phallic wishes
  • Marriage/spouse are a substitute for opp. sex parent
26
Q

List the 4 Piaget’s developmental stages.

A
  1. Sensori-motor stage
  2. Pre-operational stage
  3. Concrete operational stage
  4. Formal operational stage
27
Q

Discuss the Sensori-motor stage.

A
  • From 0-2 years
  • Child gains motor mastery
  • Understands world through perception and action
  • Object permanence
28
Q

Discuss the Pre-operational stage.

A

*From 2-6 years
*Child has mental representations of objects and
imagination-related actions of the object
*Uses symbols and language
*See the world as relating to them
*Animism- ascribe feelings and thoughts to lifeless
objects

29
Q

Discuss the Concrete operational stage.

A
  • From 7-11 years
  • Thinks logically in concrete terms
  • Less egocentric
  • No absent thinking
30
Q

Discuss the Formal operational stage.

A
  • From 12 years onwards
  • Abstract thinking
  • Reasoning skills
31
Q

Name the 8 stages of Erikson’s developmental theory and their syntheses.

A

1st stage (1st year) : Basic trust vs mistrust [Hope]

2nd stage (1-3 years) : Autonomy vs shame and doubt [Will power]

3rd stage (3-6 years) : Initiative vs guilt [Purpose]

4th stage (6 years-adolscence) : Industry vs inferiority [Competence]

5th stage (adolscence) : Identity vs role confusion [Reliability]

6th stage (early adulthood) : Intimacy vs isolation [Love]

7th stage (middle adulthood) : Generativity vs stagnation [Care]

8th stage (old age) : Integrity vs despair [Wisdom]

32
Q

Discuss the 1st stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • Must develop trust and overcome mistrust
  • New born is helpless
  • Mom and society must care for and protect child
  • First contact w/ the world is through the mouth
  • Incorporation is NB!
  • Relationship w/ mother is linked w/ development of
    trust
  • Eng goal: child must perceive the world as good and
    safe
33
Q

Discuss the 2nd stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • Must develop autonomy and overcome shame and
    doubt
  • Rapid physical maturation
  • Greater self-control and movement before excretory
    functions
  • End goal: One is independent and can make their
    own decisions
34
Q

Discuss the 3rd stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • Must show initiative and overcome guilt
  • Difference between girls and boys’ social behavior
  • Boy: tries to gain access to society by concentrating
    on material world like tools and machinery
  • Girl: develops charm and her social relations are
    based on this
  • End goal: willingness to try new things and handle
    failure
35
Q

Discuss the 4th stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • 3rd stage renewed w/ strength
  • Mastering skills required for adult life
  • Society aids by providing school
  • Success is NB to avoid inferiority
  • Child plays and competes w/ same sex friends
  • End goal: competence (allows adults to work
    together)
36
Q

Discuss the 5th stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • Identity crisis
  • Acquiring a feeling of identity
  • Characteristics are determined
  • Social identity is determined
  • Values and ideals are determined
  • End goal: develop a lasting, integrated self
37
Q

Discuss the 6th stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • Must acquire feeling of intimacy and overcome
    isolation
  • Develop common sense of identity w/ partner
  • Isolation: people protect themselves and think of
    themselves
38
Q

Discuss the 7th stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • Acquire generativity and overcome stagnation and
    self-preoccupation
  • Generativity: productivity, creativity and passing
    culture on
  • enrichment of own and other’s lives
  • Examples: educating kids, producing meaningful
    work, creating cultural products
39
Q

Discuss the 7th stage of Erikson’s developmental theory.

A
  • Death is approached w/ peace of mind (equanimity) if
    previous stages were successful
  • Achievement of such wisdom in old age = Ego-integrity
  • People w/o ego-integrity fear death
  • This is called despair
40
Q

What does the Learning Theory approach to development entail?

A
  • Behavior is learnt
  • Genetics only influence emotional behavior and
    instincts
  • Psychology must be limited to the study of
    observable behavior & focus particularly on stimulus-
    response relationships
41
Q

Name the three ways of learning according to the Learning Theory.

A
  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Instrumental conditioning
  3. Observational learning
42
Q

Describe classical conditioning.

A
  • Response linked to a stimulus becomes associated
    w/ other stimulus
  • Type S conditioning
  • E.g salivation of a dog
43
Q

Describe instrumental conditioning.

A
  • Organism plays NB role
  • Learns to repeat “instrumental” action
  • New response is reinforced
  • Learning of new responses
  • E.g rat presses lever
  • Operant conditioning
44
Q

Describe observational learning.

A
  • People can learn by observing

- E.g children observing adults

45
Q

Name the 3 person-orientated approaches.

A
  1. Maslow
  2. Rogers
  3. Allport and Frankl
46
Q

What are the views on optimal development?

A
  • Only occurs under certain favourable conditions
  • Can be achieved in spite of unfavourable
    circumstances
47
Q

Describe Maslow’s view on optimal development.

A
  • Two levels of needs:
  • lower: deficiency needs
  • higher: growth needs
  • Optimally developed person has the highest level of
    need = self-actualization
  • Self-actualization is only met when deficiency needs
    have been and always will be satisfied

(REFER TO DIAGRAM)

48
Q

Describe Roger’s view on optimal development.

A
  • Individual only optimally develops if unconditionally
    accepted during childhood
  • Parents must accept child in all circumstances
49
Q

Describe Allport and Frankl’s view on optimal development.

A
  • Person can optimally develop despite need-satisfaction and acceptance
  • Linked to propriate striving
  • Individuals are free to formulate their own goals and
    strive to perfection
  • Linked to Nazi [ ] camp where people still helped
    each other despite low-need satisfaction
  • Humanity’s basic need: search for meaning in life

MPSY 1513 (9 decks)

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