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Y2 LCRS HNS ANATOMY Fwong > Session 1: Cranium, Meninges and Brain > Flashcards

Session 1: Cranium, Meninges and Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the facial skeleton?

A

Visceroskeleton

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium? What is the cranial vault

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium Cranial vault- space within the neurocranium occupied by the brain

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3
Q

Name all the neurocranial bones.

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

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4
Q

Name all the viscerocranial/facial bones.

A

Mandible, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Vomer, Palatine

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5
Q

What are the gaps between the bones in the skull during development called?

A

Fontanelles

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6
Q

What is the shape of the sphenoid bone and what its two parts?

A

Butterfly shaped – it has a greater and lesser wing

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7
Q

Which bone has the upper teeth attached to it?

A

Maxilla

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8
Q

What is another name for the conchae and what is their role?

A

Turbinate Bones – they increase the surface area of the upper respiratory tract

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9
Q

What are the tough fibrous joints between bones in the skull called?

A

Sutures

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10
Q

Give an example of a synovial joint within the skull.

A

Temporo-mandibular Joint

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11
Q

Give the names of the sutures between a) frontal and parietal bones, b) parietal bones and c) parietal and occipital bone.

A

Coronal Suture Sagittal Suture Lambdoid Suture

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12
Q

What is the name given to the point at which the sagittal suture meets the coronal suture?

A

Bregma (during infancy, it is the anterior fontanelle)

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13
Q

What is the name given to the point at which the sagittal suture meets the lambdoid suture?

A

Lambda (during infancy, it is the posterior fontanelle)

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14
Q

What are the three parts of the ethmoid bone?

A
  1. cribriform plate (means perforated in latin) 2. the perpendicular plate (top part of the nasal septum, lower part of septum is the vomer bone) 3.ethmoidal labyrinth (contain ethmoidal air cells) labyrinth consists of two parts: Orbital plate – the lateral sheet of bone, which also forms the medial wall of the orbit Medial sheet – forms the upper lateral wall of the nasal cavity, from which the superior and middle conchae extend into the nasal cavity.
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15
Q

What is the name of the hole in the mandible through which a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve and inferior alveolar blood vessels pass?

A

Mental Foramen . Mental= related to chin (this hole is near the chin)

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16
Q

What are the two foramina found above and below the orbit?

A

Supraorbital Foramen Infraorbital Foramen

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17
Q

What is the name of the midline bony projection just below the nose?

A

Anterior Nasal Spine

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18
Q

Which bones form the medial part of the orbit?

A

Orbital plate of ethmoid Frontal process of maxilla Lesser wing of sphenoid Lacrimal

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19
Q

What are the parts of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous (means flat) Tympanic (external acoustic meatus) Zygomatic Process Mastoid Petrous (petrous and mastoid are called petromastoid) search up google images

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20
Q

What part of the mandible that protrudes under the zygomatic bone?

A

Coronoid Process, coronoid means a ‘hook’ shape

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21
Q

What part of the mandible advances towards the tempero-mandibular joint?

A

neck and head of the mandible

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22
Q

What is the name of the flat part of the occipital bone?

A

Squamous part (squamous = flat)

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23
Q

What is the name of the suture between the occipital and temporal bones?

A

Occipitomastoid Suture

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24
Q

What are the two horizontal ridges found on the occipital bone?

A

Superior and Inferior Nuchal Lines

25
Q

What is the midline protrusion of the occipital bone called?

A

External Occipital Protuberance (there is an internal one too)

26
Q

What is the name given to the highest point of this protrusion?

A

Inion

27
Q

What is the name of the ridge that goes from the external occipital protuberance downwards to the foramen magnum?

A

External Occipital Crest (crest = hill)

28
Q

How can the cranial base be divided?

A

Anterior, Middle and Posterior Cranial Fossae

29
Q

Which layer of the meninges goes in and out of the sulci?

A

Pia Mater

30
Q

What are the two layers of dura in the cranium?

A

Periosteal and Meningeal

31
Q

What difference between the cranial dura and spinal dura allows for an epidural space?

A

At the foramen magnum the dura goes from having two layers (periosteal and meningeal) to just one layer (equivalent of the meningeal layer). This means that there is an epidural space.

32
Q

What drains into the venous blood filled spaces between dural layers?

A

CSF via the arachnoid villi

33
Q

Describe the arrangement of dural venous sinuses and the direction of blood flow.

A

There is a separation between the 2 dural layers at the top of the falx cerebri, gap is filled by the the superior sagittal sinus. There is another separation at the bottom of the falx forming the inferior sagittal sinus. The inferior sagittal sinus drains into the straight sinus, which then joins the superior sagittal sinus, and the two transverse sinuses at the confluence of sinuses. The blood drains to the confluence of sinuses and then along the transverse sinuses to the sigmoid sinus, which then forms the internal jugular vein.

34
Q

What flat sheet of dura (with a small hole in it) keeps the pituitary gland in the sella turcica?

A

Diaphragma sellae diaphragma= dome sellae= the indentation in the sphenoid bone which houses the pituitary

35
Q

List three different types of brain herniation and their consequences.

A

Subfalcine – part of the frontal lobe goes under the falx cerebri

Uncal – medial part of the temporal lobe goes under the tentorium cerebelli – which affects the midbrain and can cause unconsciousness

Tonsilar – cerebellar tonsils go through the foramen magnum – this can affect the medulla and cause cardiorespiratory failure

36
Q

Which two main vessels supply the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries

37
Q

There is a weak point in the skull behind which you find the largest artery entering the skull. Name the part of the skull in question and the artery.

A

Pterion – middle meningeal artery at this point, the skull is thin and so the artery is prone to damage. This may lead to epidural haematoma

38
Q

What is the clinical relevance of this arrangement?

A

This is a possible site for extradural haemorrhage

39
Q

Which veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins There is also communication with the pterygoid plexus

40
Q

Which vein is joined to the end of the straight sinus at the pointwhere the inferior sagittal sinus joins the straight sinus?

A

Great cerebral vein

41
Q

What is the pterygoid plexus?

A

A venous plexus of considerable size that is situated between the temporalis muscle and lateral pterygoid muscle, and partly between the two pterygoid muscles

42
Q

What are the inferior petrosal sinuses? Which sinus connects the two inferior petrosal sinuses?

A

These sinuses are called petrosal because they are near the petrous part of the temporal bone. (?) These sinuses drain blood from the cavernous sinus into the internal jugular vein. Between the two inferior petrosal sinuses, there is the BASILAR SINUS/ plexus which joins the two.

43
Q

Name three structures found within the cavernous sinus.

A

Structures passing through each cavernous sinus are:

▪the internal carotid artery, and

▪the abducent nerve [VI].

Structures in the lateral wall of each cavernous sinus are, from superior to inferior:

▪the oculomotor nerve [III],

▪the trochlear nerve [IV],

▪the ophthalmic nerve [V1], and

▪the maxillary nerve [V2].

v1 and 2 are branches of V (trigeminal) ie cranial nerves 3,4, 5(1), 5(2) and 6

44
Q

What is the structure that separates the two lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum

45
Q

What structure contains the main fibre tracts going up and down from the cortex?

A

Internal capsule

46
Q

What structure is medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule in a brain cut in the transverse plane?

A

Thalamus

47
Q

What are the different tissue layers of the scalp?

A
  • *S**kin
  • *C**onnective tissue
  • *A**poneurosis
  • *L**oose areolar tissue ( a type of loose connective tissue)
  • *P**eriosteum
48
Q

What type of intracranial haemorrhage is associated with damage to the middle meningeal artery?

A

Epidural Haemorrhage

49
Q

What is the tentorial notch and what is its clinical significance?

A

Tentorial notch is a triangular opening in the tentorium cerebelli through which the brainstem extends from the posterior to the middle cranialfossa. In the case of increased intracranial pressure, part of the temporal lobe could be pushed through this opening.

50
Q

Which major arteries pass through the foramen magnum?

A

Vertebral arteries

51
Q

List all the cranial nerves and the foramine through which they pass

A

Olfactory (I) – Cribiform Plate Optic (II) – Optic Canal Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (ophthalmic – V1 (V)) and Abducens (VI) – Superior Orbital Fissure Facial (VII) and Vestibulocochlear (VIII) – Internal Acoustic Meatus Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X) and Accessory (XI) – Jugular Foramen Hypoglossal (XII) – Hypoglossal Canal

52
Q

List the three branches of the trigeminal nerve and the foramina through which they pass

A

Ophthalmic – Superior Orbital Fissure

Maxillary – Foramen Rotundum

Mandibular – Foramen Ovale

53
Q

Which vessel passes through the optic canal?

A

Ophthalmic Artery

54
Q

Which vessel passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Superior Ophthalmic Vein and Inferior Ophthalmic Vein

55
Q

Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery and vein pass through?

A

Foramen Spinosum

56
Q

Which foramen does the internal carotid artery pass through?

A

Carotid Canal

57
Q

Which vessel passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Labyrinthine Artery

58
Q

Which vessel passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Sigmoid Sinus –> Internal Jugular Vein

59
Q

Which foramen do the spinal roots of the accessory nerve pass through?

A

Foramen Magnum

Y2 LCRS HNS ANATOMY Fwong (7 decks)

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