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Respiratory System > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

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2
Q

How can Boyle’s law be applied to ventilation?

A

Expansion of the chest causes airflow into the lungs because the increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure. The opposite occurs in expiration.

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3
Q

What are the conducting airways of the respiratory system?

A

Divisions 1-16 (trachea to terminal bronchioles). No gas exchange occurs so the spaces are anatomically dead.

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4
Q

What are the respiratory airways of the respiratory system?

A

Divisions 17-23 (respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs). Gas exchange occurs here.

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5
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

The partial pressure of a gas is the individual pressure exerted independently by that gas in a gas mixture.

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6
Q

Describe the effect of water vapour on pressures in ventilation.

A

Water evaporates until air is saturated and exerts a saturated vapour pressure (6.28kPa physiologically). The saturated vapour pressure is dependent on pressure.

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7
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid.

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8
Q

Describe the dissolution of oxygen in blood.

A

Oxygen enters plasma from the lungs and dissolves; dissolved oxygen binds to Hb until Hb is fully saturated; oxygen dissolves in plasma until equilibrium is reached so pO2 in blood=pO2 in alveolar air.

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9
Q

Briefly describe how respiration is regulated.

A

Respiratory generator in the medulla regulates respiration. Chemoreceptors detect changes in pO2 and pCO2 and send signals to the respiratory generator; the medulla coordinates signals to inspiratory muscles to increase/reduce chest wall expansion; receptor reflexes in the pulmonary system, chest wall and airway send signals to the respiratory generator.

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10
Q

Define the upper respiratory tract.

A

The portions of the respiratory tract that lie between the openings at the mouth and nose, and the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. (Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx and larynx).

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11
Q

How is the nasal cavity adapted for its function?

A

Contains concha/turbinates to create turbulent airflow and increase SA for contact of walls with air to allow warming and saturation of air; nose hairs trap foreign particles entering the nasal cavity; olfactory mucous membranes confer sense of smell; Paranasal sinuses secrete mucous to humidify air.

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12
Q

What are nasal meatus’?

A

The spaces below the nasal concha.

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13
Q

Where are the perinasal sinuses?

A

Around the nasal cavity.

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14
Q

Describe the olfactory mucosal membranes of the nose.

A

Membranes in the superior-posterior region of the nasal cavity which confers sense of smell; contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium with microvilli.

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15
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosal membrane of the nose.

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium containing mucous glands and venous plexuses in the lamina propria.

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16
Q

What structures drain into the meatus of the nose?

A

Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts from the lacrimal glands.

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17
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

In the respiratory tract from the base of the skull to C6.

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18
Q

How may ear infections be caused by pathogens in the respiratory tract?

A

Pathogens can move up the eustachian tubes which connect the middle ear to the pharynx and cause infection.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the larynx.

A

Muscular tube with supporting cartilages connecting the pharynx to the trachea.

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20
Q

What is the space between the vocal cords called?

A

Rima glottides.

21
Q

What is the function of the vocal cords?

A

To act as a valve to protect the entrance to the trachea; allow phonation via movement caused by the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

22
Q

How do patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve typically present?

A

With hoarseness of voice as the vocal cord is paralysed on the ipsilateral side.

23
Q

Describe the passage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve through the thorax.

A

Passes under the aortic arch and then superiority to the larynx.

24
Q

Which parts of the respiratory tract are lined by mucous membranes?

A

The conducting portions.

25
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system are lined by serous membranes?

A

The pleural sacs of each lung.

26
Q

Which layer of pleural sacs is parietal and which is visceral?

A

Outer later is parietal, inner layer is visceral.

27
Q

Describe the epithelial changes as you move through the respiratory tract.

A

Pseudostratified from the nasal cavity to the large bronchioles; simple columnar with cilia and Clara cells in the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles; simple cuboidal in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts; simple squamous in alveoli.

28
Q

What epithelium covers the vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous.

29
Q

What structures form the vocal cords?

A

Vocal ligament and vocalis muscle.

30
Q

How is resonance in phonation created?

A

Using the ventricles and ventricular folds of the larynx.

31
Q

How does cartilage in the primary bronchi differ from that found in the trachea?

A

Cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen in primary bronchi.

32
Q

Where is the trachealis muscle found?

A

In the fibroelastic membrane of the posterior trachea.

33
Q

What substances are contained in the secretions from epithelium and submucosal glands in the trachea?

A

Muffins, water, serum proteins, lysozyme, antiproteases, lymphocytes.

34
Q

How does the cartilage in secondary and tertiary bronchi differ from that in primary bronchi?

A

Cartilage is arranged in irregular crescent plates/islands instead of rings.

35
Q

What vessel supplies blood to the bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli?

A

Bronchial artery.

36
Q

Describe the direction of blood flow supplying lung tissue in relation to blood flow in the pulmonary artery.

A

Moves in a similar direction to the deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary artery.

37
Q

Describe the appearance of cartilage in a bronchus compared to tertiary bronchi.

A

Cartilage is present in small islands as it is too small to form rings or crescents.

38
Q

How is the lumen of bronchioles kept open?

A

Using surrounding alveoli.

39
Q

How can asthma affect bronchioles?

A

Excessive smooth muscle contraction prevents bronchioles staying open as they have no supporting cartilage. Causes difficulty on inspiration but not expiration as the alveoli keep bronchioles open during expiration.

40
Q

Where are Clara cells found?

A

Between bronchioles ciliated epithelial cells.

41
Q

What do Clara cells secrete?

A

Lipoprotein to prevent lumen walls sticking together in exploration; abundant Clara cell protein (CC16).

42
Q

What do decreased CC16 suggest?

A

Lung damage.

43
Q

What does raised serum CC16 suggest?

A

Leakage across the air-blood barrier in the lungs.

44
Q

What is the function of type 1 alveolar cells?

A

Formation of the alveolar walls and gas exchange.

45
Q

What is the function of type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Secretion of surfactant.

46
Q

What hereditary condition can cause emphysema?

A

Alpha-1 antitryprin deficiency.

47
Q

Give an overview of the progression of emphysema.

A

Alveolar walls are destroyed so air spaces in the lungs are permanently enlarged; bronchioles collapse as there are less alveoli to hold them open; lungs become more difficult to empty and air can become trapped.

48
Q

What type of breathing often occurs in emphysema?

A

Pursed-lip breathing.

49
Q

What bacteria typically cause pneumonia?

A

Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, L. pneumonia, Staph. aureus, M. pneumoniae.

Respiratory System (9 decks)

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