Session 1 Flashcards
Where do the kidneys sit?
In the retroperitoneal space at T11/12 to L2/3. Right kidney sits lower because to the liver.
Describe the route of the ureters
They arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney and descend down towards the bladder in front of the psoas major. They cross the pelvic brim at the level of the sacro iliac joint, anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries. It pierces the posterior surface of the bladder.
It passes under the ductus deferens (males) or ovaries (females).
What does the inside of the bladder look like?
Trigone is smooth, everywhere else has rugae.
List the abdominal retroperitoneal viscera
(Sad pucker)
Supradrenal glands, aorta/IVC, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon (asc. &desc.), kidneys, oEsophagus and rectum.
What is the longer renal vein/artery
Left renal vein passes in front of the aorta
Right renal artery passes behind the IVC
Where are the three common sites along the ureter where a kidney stone can cause a blockage?
Pelviureteric junction
Bifurcation of common iliac arteries
Where they enter the bladder
Where do the renal arteries branch from the aorta?
L1/2
Describe the route of cloud through the kidney
Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries/vasa recta-> interlobular vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein -> renal vein
What are the functions of the kidney?
Regulation of concentrations of substances
Excretion of waste products
Synthesis of renin, erythropoietin and prostaglandins
Metabolism of vitamin D
Catabolism of insulin, PTH and calcitonin
What is osmolality and osmolarity?
Osmolality = solute/kg of solvent Osmolarity = solute/litre of solvent (measure of oncotic pressure)
What is the ECF made up of and what are the important ions in it?
Plasma and interstitial fluid
Na+, CL- (main), K+ and bicarbonate
How much blood is filtered when is passes through the kidneys?
20%
What is a property of kidney epithelial cells?
They are polarised
What are the main functions of different parts of the nephron?
PCT - major site of reabsorption
LoH - creates a gradient of increasing osmolarity into the medulla
DCT - site of variable reabsorption of electrolytes and water
What controls sodium and water recovery?
Sodium - RAAS
Water - ADH
