Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Metabolism > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is exergonic?

A

Releases more energy than is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the BMR, and it’s function?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate. Maintains the resting activities of the body by

  • maintenance of cells and ionic transport
  • functions of organs
  • body temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is endogonic?

A

Releases less energy than is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is creatine phosphate found?

A

In the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are dextrins?

A

The carbohydrates produced when starch/glycogen is hydrolysed. They are oligosaccharides, hence 3-12 units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different types of carbohydrates?

A

Mono, di, oligo and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is glycogen and where is it found?

A

Animal storage of alpha glucose.
Found in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Very branched, containing lots of glucose.
Normal alpha 1->4 glycosidic bonds, and branched alpha 1->6 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is starch hydrolysed to by GI enzymes, eg amylose?

A

Alpha glucose and maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is starch?

A

Plant store of alpha glucose
Mixture of amylose (a1-4) and amylopectin (A1-4 & a1-6)
Less branched than glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cellulose otherwise known as?

A

Fibre, healthy GI function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What digestive enzyme is found in the saliva?

A

Amylase converting starch & glycogen into its dextrins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What enzyme and function found in pancreas?

A

Amylase converts dextrins into monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What enzymes are found in the small intestine?

A 
Lactase
Sucrase
Pancreatic amylase (breaking a1-4)
Isomaltase (a1-6)
Hydrolysed the disaccharides that attach to the micro villi of epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is carbohydrates uptaken by cells?

A

Facilitated diffusion by TRANSPORT PROTEINS GLUT1-5
Or hormones, insulin uses GLUT-4
Different GLUTS have different distribution and affinities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What form do carbohydrates exist?

A

Asymmetric Carbon, therefore in D (natural form) or L form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Monosaccharide exist as ring structures, how?

A

Aldehyde/ketone group react with alcohol group in same sugar to form a HEMIACETAL RING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anabolism is activated by…?

A

High ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Catabolism is activated by…?

A

Low ATP & High ADP/AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carrier components contain…?

A

Components from vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

Creatine + ATP –> Creatine Phosphate + ADP
Via CREATINE KINASE
High energy immediate reserve.
High ATP increases synthesis of CrP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is PEP?

A

Phospoenolpyruvate

Contains high energy phosphate bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are phosphate compounds useful?

A

Phosphate-phosphate bonds have high energy, hence high energy of hydrolysis.
Eg, ATP, CrP and PEP

23
Q

What happens if the energy intake is insufficient?

A

The body utilised energy stores for a continuous supply of energy

24
Q

What is cell metabolism?

A

Highly integrated network of chemical reactions within a cell

25
Q

What does cell metabolism produce?

A
  • energy for cell function
  • building blocks for repair, cell division, growth and maintenance
  • organic precursors, inter conversion of building block molecules eg Acety- CoA
  • biosynthetic reducing powers eg NADPH
26
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenon of stable internal environment & dynamic equilibrium
Eg, nutrients, blood flow, body temp, waste removal, CO2 & pH

27
Q

How is body weight determined?

A

Difference between:

Imput - (output of substance + energy from body)

28
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excess body fat that accumulates and may have adverse effects of health.

BMI > 30

29
Q

What are the diet essentials?

A 
Carbs
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Water
Fibre
30
Q

How much energy is in carbohydrates?

A

17kj/g

31
Q

What are fats used for?

A

Energy storage

Fat soluble vitamins eg Vitamins ADEK

32
Q

What are proteins used for?

A 
Source of Essential AAs
Nucleotides
Heam
Creatine
- growth and repair
33
Q

What is BMI?

A

Body Mass Index.

BMI = Weight (kg) / (Height (metres))squared

34
Q

BMI <18.5

A

Underweight

35
Q

BMI = 18.5-24.9

A

Desired BMI

36
Q

BMI = 25 -29.9

A

Overweight

37
Q

BMI = 30-34.9

A

Obese

38
Q

BMI > 35

A

Severely Obese

39
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure comprised of?

A
  • BMR
  • energy for voluntary physical activities
    Energy required to process food we eat (diet-induced thermogenesis)
40
Q

Major tissues that contribute to BMR?

A

Skeletal muscle 30%
CNS 20%
Liver 20%
Heart 10%

41
Q

How does hyperthyroidism, lactation and pregnancy affect BMR?

A

Increases BMR

42
Q

Calculating Daily Energy Expenditure?

A

Sum of BMR + energy required for amount of time spent in different types of physical activities + 10% (due to diet-induced thermogenesis by food digestion)

43
Q

Energy content of fat?

A

37kj/g

44
Q

Energy content of proteins?

A

17kj/g

45
Q

Why are fats important in the diet?

A
  • Source of linoleic and linolenic acids - precursors to EICOSANOIDS
  • Energy yield of 2.2 times greater than carbs and proteins
  • Absorption of fat soluble proteins, lack of fat leads to vitamin deficiency
46
Q

What is zero nitrogen balance?

A

N2 intake = N2 loss

Adult male hence must consumer 35g of protein

47
Q

What type of Nitrogen balance do growing children and pregnant women show?

A

Positive N2 balance as N2 intake>N2 loss

48
Q

When does Negative N2 Balance occur?

A

Starvation and tissue wasting diseases as high loss of Nitrogen

49
Q

What is Marsmus?

A

Protein energy malnutrition as individual lacks everything!

50
Q

Signs of Marasmus?

A

NO ODEMA as muscle protein are hydrolysed for energy production hence sufficient plasma protein

Bradycardia
Emancipated
Lack of body fat
Muscle wasting
Thin hair/loss
Diarrhoea
Maybe aneamia
51
Q

Pathophysiology of Marasmus?

A

Love glucose and low glycogen
Hence lipogenesis produces keto bodies to supply brain & RBC
Ketoacidosis if large and fatal changes to blood pH

52
Q

What is Kwashikor?

A

Normal carbohydrate consumption but LOW protein diet

Eg, during breastfeeding

53
Q

What is cellulose and what is unique?

A

Plant cell wall comprised of BETA glucose.
Structural with strong and stable B1->4 glycosidic bonds.
There are no GI enzymes able to digest cellulose.

54
Q

Signs of Kwashikor?

A

K-washikor
O-dema low serum albumin low onocotic pressure
Sufficient energy therefore no proteolysis
A- pathy
L- ethargy
A- norexia - lack of appetite and aneamia

Heptomegaly - enlarged and fatty liver as lack of proteins to take TAGs out
Hepatospleemagaly - enlarged liver + spleen due to high RBC breakdown
Visible rib cage
Ascites - accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

Metabolism (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions