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ESA 2 CVS > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

Intro to CVS, anatomy of the heart in situ and major blood vessels

1
Q

Describe the factors influencing the exchange of substances between blood in capillaries and the surrounding tissue (5)

A

Area Diffusion path length Nature of molecule Size of pore Concentration gradient

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2
Q

What cells make up a capillary?

A

Single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basal lamina

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3
Q

How do larger/hydrophilic molecules diffuse out of the capillary?

A

Glucose, Amino acids and lactate diffuse through pores in the endothelium

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4
Q

what increases the rate of diffusion?

A

A larger concentration gradient

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5
Q

How will capillary concentration of a substance used by tissues be different to arterial concentration?

A

It will be lower, how much lower depends on the rate tissues use the substance and the rate of blood flow through the capillary bed

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6
Q

How is the concentration gradient maintained?

A

The rate of blood flow must be high enough to maintain a sufficient concentration

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7
Q

What is the rate of blood flow known as?

A

The perfusion rate

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8
Q

What blood flow does the brain need? /ml.min-1.g-1

A

High constant flow. 0.5ml.min-1.g-1

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9
Q

What blood flow does the heart need?

A

High flow, increasing during exercise. 0.9-3.6ml.min-1.g-1

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10
Q

What blood flow does the kidney need?

A

High constant flow 3.5ml.min-1.g-1

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11
Q

Any special circumstances of high blood flow to organs?

A

Blood flow to skeletal muscle is high during exercise and gut blood flow is high after a meal

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12
Q

What is the minimum flow /l.min-1 for a 70kg man

A

5l

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13
Q

What is the maximum flow /l.min-1 for a 70kg man

A

24.5l

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14
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system? (4)

A

Pump - the heart Distribution system - vessels & blood Exchange mechanisms - capillaries Flow controls - arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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15
Q

How is blood flow distributed across the body?

A

To regulate blood flow resistance is needed -> increasing resistance to normally easily perfused regions will increase flow to more difficult to perfuse regions. Arterioles are the resistance vessels

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16
Q

How is the total flow in the system able to change?

A

A temporary store of blood which can be returned to the heart at a different rate. The veins have thin walls that can distend or collapse -> store of blood (capacitance of the veins)

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17
Q

How much of blood is in the veins?

A

2/3rds

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18
Q

Where does blood flow fastest?

A

Where the total cross-sectional area is the least (therefore is slowest at capillaries)

19
Q

Which major vessels leave the heart?

A

Aorta -brachiocephalic artery -left common carotid artery -left subclavian artery Pulmonary artery

20
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries -> lungs

21
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A

Left and right common iliac arteries (pelvis)

22
Q

What is the systolic blood pressure in the aorta?

A

120mmHg

23
Q

What is the diastolic blood pressure in the aorta?

A

70-80mmHg (the aortic semilunar valve closes, walls of aorta recoil, maintaining blood pressure)

24
Q

Where is blood pressure most pulsatile?

A

In the arteries near the heart

25
Q

What classifications of artery are there? (3)

A

Elastic conducting arteries Muscular distributing arteries Arterioles

26
Q

What are the names of the layers of elastic arteries? (3)

A

Tunica intima (involved in atherosclerosis) -> endothelial cells with subendothelium of connective tissue + elastic lamina Tunica media -> 40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes Tunica adventitia -> thin layer of fibroelastic connective tissue

27
Q

Features of muscular arteries?

A

Tunica intima -> normal Tunica media -> 40 layers of smooth muscle cells Tunica adventitia -> normal

28
Q
A
  1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia
29
Q

What is special about the tunica adventitia (vasa vasorum)?

A

Many unmyelinated nerve endings for vasoconstriction (sympathetic). Noradrenaline released at nerve endings diffuse to smooth muscle cells in tunica media-> propagated by gap junctions

30
Q

What happens to the number of smooth muscle layers in TM as arteries diminish?

A

decrease

31
Q

Name 5 examples of end arteries

A

Coronary artery, Splenic artery, Renal artery, Central artery to retina, Labyrynthine artery of internal ear

32
Q

What is an end artery?

A

A terminal artery supplying all or most of the blood to a body part without significant collateral circulation

33
Q

What is an arteriole?

A

Arteries with a diameter less than 0.1mm

34
Q

How many smooth muscle layers are in an ateriole tunica media?

A

1-3

35
Q

What elastic lamina are present in arterioles?

A

Internal elastic lamina (IEL) only present in larger arterioles. No external elastic lamina.

36
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

Arteries that supply blood to capillary beds. Smooth muscle layer is not continous -> each muscle forms a precapillary sphincter

37
Q

What drains excess extracellular fluid?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

38
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels drain tissue fluid?

A

junctions of internal jugular and subclavian veins

39
Q

Diameter and length of a capillary?

A

7-10um diameter, 1mm long

40
Q

What types of capillary are there? (3)

A

Continuous - most common Fenestrated - gut, endocrine glands and renal glomerulus - have many gaps (pores) Sinusoidal (discontinuous) - liver, spleen and bone marrow - have gaps allowing whole cells to move

41
Q

What are pericytes?

A

These form a branching network on the outer surface of endothelium -> can divide into muscle cells or fibroblasts, during angiogenesis, tumour growth and wound healing

42
Q

Why are postcapillary venules important in immunity?

A

These venules are the preferred location for emigration of leukocytes (more permeable than capillaries)

43
Q

Which have larger diameters, veins or accompanying artery?

A

Veins

44
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A

Striations

Branching

Centrally positioned nuclei

Intercalated disks

Adherens-type junctions (anchorage)

Gap junctions (electrical coupling

T tubules are inline with Z band

ESA 2 CVS (3 decks)

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