Session 1 Flashcards
What is health psychology?
Clinical health psychology is the treatment and research of the role of psychological variables and stress in the etiology and maintenance of medical disorders
Explain/Motivate ‘substitute skills for pills’
Dramatic advances in medical knowledge and high technology medicine heighten the need to return to an approach which recognises that people function as part of a system and that both patient and system should be treated accordingly. This brings forth the necessity to substitute skills for pills. As a result, the realisation that when dealing with complex humans i.e. patients, diagnosis and treatment depend upon far more than a sound knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pathology, etc.
How does the body and mind interact?
All diseases result from a combination of environmental, social, psychological and biological factors. How these different factors interact accounts for differences in symptom manifestation. From this, we note that it is important that a comprehensive healthcare approach should involve both physical and psychological care as they are inseparable.
What is developmental psychology?
The study of human development over the entire life span, from conception to death.
What is needed to study developmental psychology?
A clear and concise understanding of what development entails and what its underlying processes are and a framework to systematise and interpret development so that you can distinguish the various areas of development and divide the entire lifespan into meaningful stages of development.
What is the aim of developmental psychology?
To systematise and interpret developmental changes and to explain them and the various factors that influence development.
What does development refer to?
The changes human beings undergo during their lifetime, HOWEVER not every change should necessarily be seen as development e.g. changes in behaviour due to loss.
Name the domains of development.
Physical
Cognitive
Personality
Social
Briefly explain the domain of physical development.
It includes:
growth of the body and organs - growth
Changes in the internal structure and functioning of the body - physiological development
Which developments should be noted under the domain of physical development and why?
Development of the nervous system, the senses, endocrine glands and sex glands as they have important psychological implications.
The central nervous system and the senses are closed connected to the individual’s perceptions and all aspects of cognitive functioning.
The thyroid gland, for example, affects a person’s energy levels.
Briefly explain the domain of cognitive development.
Cognition refers to how we acquire information about the world, how we represent and transform such information into knowledge, and how we store, retrieve and use that knowledge to direct our behaviour. It is therefore processes and products of our minds so cognitive development refers to changes of them.
Briefly explain the domain of personality development
Changes to the attributes that determine a person’s behaviour in interactions with the environment.
Development of people’s view and evaluation of themselves and the way they identify themselves with other individuals and social groups.
What is personality?
The most comprehensive concept for the psychological description of human beings.
It refers to all the attributes that determine a person’s behaviour in interactions with the environment.
Briefly explain the domain of social development.
Changes in people’s interactions and relationships with other people.
The influence of society and specific other persons on the individual.
List the developmental stages
Prenatal (germinal, embryonic and foetal periods)
Neonatal and infancy
Early childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescence
Early and middle adulthood
Late adulthood
Give the determinants of development
Genetic - characteristics inherited from the parents by means of genes
Constitutional - refers to the condition and nature of the organism and the state of development
Environmental - development primarily due to the environment
Personality - refers to the ability of humans to influence their own development. Personal factors influence the individual’s further development because they can co-determine what effects new physical and social environmental influences will have.
What is the role of theory in developmental psychology?
the role of theory is an attempt to describe and explain the human development based on a particular view of mankind. Theories emphasise different processes and factors determining developments. Some theories emphasise genetics and biological factors, some emphasise that development is a natural process, some emphasise environmental factors, some emphasise self-determination while some emphasise the integration of all factors.
According to Sigmund Freud, what are the determinants of all behaviour?
Drives (urges) and moral rules in the psyche (personality)
What is the structure of the personality according to Freud?
It consists of three parts, the id, ego and superego.
Briefly expand on the id.
The id is already present at birth and it contains all the psychic energy a person needs for psychological or psychic functioning.
What are the drives linked to psychic energy according to Freud?
Life drive - Eros
Death drive - Thanatos
According to the Psychosexual theory, when does the oral stage occur?
Birth - 12 months
According to the Psychosexual theory, when does the anal stage occur?
12 months - 3 years
According to the Psychosexual theory, when does the phallic stage occur?
3 - 6 years
According to the Psychosexual theory, when does the latent stage occur?
6 - 11 years
According to the Psychosexual theory, when does the genital stage occur?
Adolescence
Name the stages of the psychosexual theory.
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latent stage
Genital stage
Name the stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory.
Sensory motor phase
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
According to the Cognitive Development Theory, when does the sensory motor phase occur?
0 - 2 years
According to the Cognitive Development Theory, when does the pre-operational phase occur?
2 - 6 years
According to the Cognitive Development Theory, when does the concrete operational phase occur?
7 - 11 years
According to the Cognitive Development Theory, when does the formal operational phase occur?
12 years and onwards
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 1?
Basic trust vs Mistrust
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 2?
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 3?
Initiative vs Guilt
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 4?
Industry vs Inferiority
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 5?
Identity vs Role confusion
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 6?
Intimacy vs Isolation
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 7?
Generativity vs Stagnation
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the name of stage 8?
Integrity vs Despair
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Integrity vs Despair?
Wisdom
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Generativity vs Stagnation?
Care
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Intimacy vs Isolation?
Love
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Identity vs. Role confusion?
Reliability
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Industry vs Inferiority?
Competence
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Initiative vs Guilt?
Purpose
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt?
Will power
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is the synthesis of Basic Trust vs Mistrust?
Hope
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Basic Trust vs Mistrust stage?
1st year of life
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt stage?
1 -3 years
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Initiative vs Guilt stage?
3 - 6 years
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
6 years - school age
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Identity vs Role confusion stage?
Adolescence
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Intimacy vs Isolation stage?
Young adulthood
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Generativity vs Stagnation stage?
Middle adulthood
According to Erikson’s Developmental Theory, what is time period for the Integrity vs Despair stage?
Old age
What does the Learning Theory approach rest on?
The assumption that most behaviour is learnt.
Who is regarded as the father of behaviourism?
John B Watson
What role do genetic factors play in the Learning Theory?
Determining emotional behaviour and instincts
What are the types of learning?
Classical conditioning
Instrumental/operant conditioning
Observational learning
Brief explain classical conditioning.
Takes place when a response that was originally linked to a particular stimulus is associated with another stimulus
Briefly explain observational learning.
Learning behaviour by observing the behaviour of others.
What is the highest form of human development called?
Optimal development
What are the two views on factors that lead to optimal development?
Optimal development can only occur under certain favourable conditions
Optimal development can be achieved in spite of unfavourable circumstances
Explain the epigenetic principle?
It states that we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages. Our progress through each stage is in part determined by our success or lack of success in all the previous stages.
Explain how the word Psychology was derived.
It comes from the two Greek words
Psyche - spirit of mind
Logos - to study
Therefore Psychology - study of the mind
What are the two levels of needs that Maslow distinguished?
- Deficiency needs
- Growth needs
Explain the concept psychic energy.
Psychic energy is contained in the id and is needed by the individual for psychic/psychological functioning. It is constantly produced and needs to be used up thought behaviour to stop it from building up an causing discomfort and pain.
What happens when psychic energy is not used?
If psychic energy is not used because society prohibits certain forms of behavioural expressions the energy will be bottled up causing neurosis and other behavioural problems.
What does Psychic Determinism refer to?
Little freedom of choice by individual
What are the two groups of Eros (life drives)?
- Ego drives
- Sexual drives
How does Maslow determine an optimally developed person?
According to Maslow, an optimally developed person functions on the highest need level which is Self Actualisation. This level can only be reached when the person’s lower-level or basic needs have been satisfied regularly.
Explain Allport’s concept of Propriate Striving.
Individuals are free to formulate their own goals and therefore also to strive for perfection.
Name Maslow’s deficiency needs.
Psychological
Safety
Acceptance
Name Maslow’s growth needs.
Esteem
Self actualisation
What occurs during the Oral stage of Freud’s theory?
The mouth is the erogenous zone and a sense of pleasure is found from suckling.
If needs are ungratified, it leads prolonged thumb ducking, nail biting, over-eating
What occurs during the Anal stage of Freud’s theory?
The anus is the erogenous zone and there is greater control over excretory functions.
Pleasure is derived from these functions
The individual is able to exert reactions from others
Toilet training results in societal morality. Management of training influences a sense of orderliness, disposing or retaining things, neatness, etc.
What occurs during the Phallic stage of Freud’s theory?
The sexual organs are the erogenous zone
Boys experience Oedipus complex (a mixture of fantasies and guilt feelings towards mother) and girls experience Electra Complex
The relationship between the id, ego and superego is established - basic personality is determined
What occurs during the Latent stage of Freud’s theory?
There are no new erogenous zones
The superego undergoes development
There is same-sex playing and learning of roles through imitation
What happened during the genital stage is Freud’s theory?
There is a resurgence of the phallic stage and the ego and superego are strongly developed.
Sexual drives are directed toward more mature sexualised expressions such as heterosexual relationships and falling in love with the possibility of marriage.
What happens in the sensory motor phase of Piaget’s theory?
The child understands the world through perceptions and actions and a lack of object permanence.
What happens during the pre-operational stage of Piaget’s theory?
There is a capacity for mental representations of objects and imagining actions related to self. There is the use of language and symbols as well as the presence of egocentrism and animism.
What happens during the concrete operational stage in Piaget’s theory?
The child is capable of logical thinking but only in concrete terms and there is a decrease in egocentrism. Abstract thinking is largely absent.
What happens during the formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory?
The child is able to think in abstract terms, speculates on hypothetical situations and can reason deductively on various possibilities.
What happens during Stage 1 of Erikson’s theory?
The child must develop a feeling of basic trust and at the same time overcome a feeling of basic mistrust. The most important social behaviour is incorporation - the taking in of food, warmth, love and later, a variety of impressions through the senses.
The quality of children’s relationship with their mother is of prime importance in the development of trust. The end goal is to develop a sense that the world is a good and safe place.
What happens during Stage 2 of Erikson’s theory?
The child has the task of developing a sense of autonomy while at the same time overcoming a feeling of shame and doubt.
This is a time of rapid physical maturation and so the child is capable of greater self-control and movement than before.
There should be encouragement for greater independence while guarding against too many failures.
The end goal is to realise that one is independent and can make decisions based on this.
What happens during Stage 3 of Erikson’s theory?
The task is to learn how to show initiative while at the same time overcoming a feeling of guilt.
There is a clear difference between the social behaviour of boys and girls:
A boy actively tries to gain access to society and the world of other people. He concentrates mostly on the material world, e.g interest in tools and machinery.
A girl’s social developments are characterised by the development of charm.
The end goal is to develop a willingness to try new things and to handle failure
What happens during Stage 4 of Erikson’s theory?
The tendencies of the pervious stage (Initiative vs Guilt) are continued with renewed vigour and strength.
Children aim to master certain skills required for adult life and society helps by providing schooling.
Achieving success becomes important to the child and the opportunity thereof is an important part of education as it helps the child avoid feelings of inferiority.
The child wants to play with and compete against friends, preferably of the same sex.
Successful mastery of the required skills leads to competence and allows adults to work with others
