SERUM PROTEINS Flashcards
Which statement best describes immunofixation?
a. Specimens are separated in a medium containing antibody.
b. Specimen and antibody are applied to wells in the medium and diffuse outward to each other.
c. Antibody is placed in a trough parallel to the separated specimen and diffuses through the media.
d. Antibody is applied directly to medium containing the separated specimen.
d. Antibody is applied directly to medium containing the separated specimen.
In serum protein electrophoresis, erythropoietin migrate in which of the following regions?
a. α-1 region
b. α-2 region
c. Albumin region
d. β- region
e. γ- region
b. α-2 region AND d. β- region
The tertiary structure of a protein is best described as…
a. a specific arrangement in 3 dimensional space (i.e. random coil)
b. the spatial arrangement of multiple chains
c. folded polypeptides organized as aggregates with identical or different polypeptides
d. the spatial configuration that gives each protein its specific biologic function
d. the spatial configuration that gives each protein its specific biologic function
Which of the following substances is a positive interferent in the biuret method?
a. bilirubin
b. hemolysis
c. lithium heparin
d. lipemia
b. hemolysis
In non-selective glomerular proteinuria which of the following proteins may be found in urine:
1) α-1 acid glycoprotein
2) α-1 antitrypsin
3) transferrin
4) albumin
a. 1, 2, and 3 are correct
b. 1 and 3 are correct
c. 2 and 4 are correct
d. only 4 is correct
e. all are correct
e. all are correct
Plasma total protein results are high/lower than serum because of the presence/absence of ______.
a. higher, presence of fibrin
b. lower, absence of fibrin.
c. higher, presence of fibrinogen
d. lower, absence of fibrinogen
c. higher, presence of fibrinogen
Which protein(s) are found in the α1 SPE fraction?
a. haptoglobin
b. C3
c. fetoprotein
d. A and C
e. All of the above
c. fetoprotein
Which condition may results from cadmium poisoning?
a. pre-renal proteinuria
b. renal selective proteinuria
c. renal tubular proteinuria
d. post-renal proteinuria
e. renal non-selective proteinuria
c. renal tubular proteinuria
Which of the following statements regarding α1 anti-trypsin is correct?
a. it is a negative acute phase reactant
b. it is synthesized by the pancreas
c. it is a protease inhibitor
d. it is used to screen for fetal abnormalities
c. it is a protease inhibitor
Which electrode does albumin migrate closest to ?
Anode
The intensity of the Biuret reaction for protein depends on:
a. the molecular weight of the protein
b. the relative proportions of plasma proteins
c. the number of peptide bonds
d. the nitrogen content of the protein
e. the number of aliphatic groups
c. the number of peptide bonds
What SPE result is followed up with immunofixation electrophoresis?
a. polyclonal peak
b. β-γ bridge
c. monoclonal peak
d. A and C
e. All of the above
b. β-γ bridge AND c. monoclonal peak
Which of the following statements can apply to dye binding methods used to quantitate albumin?
a. The dyes are cationic.
b. The pH of the reaction is greater than the pI of albumin
c. The dye undergoes a change in absorbance maximum
d. The dyes covalently bind to lysine residues in albumin.
c. The dye undergoes a change in absorbance maximum
Which form of light scatter is best for nephelometry?
a. Mie
b. Rayleigh-Debye
c. Rayleigh
d. Mie-Debye
b. Rayleigh-Debye
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
a. coagulation
b. acid base buffering
c. hormone
d. neurotransmitter
e. None of the above
e. None of the above; all are functions of proteins
What is an important biological function of α1 antitrypsin?
a. inhibits bacteria proteases
b. transports fat soluble vitamins
c. binds trypsinogen
d. transport heme
a. inhibits bacteria proteases
What is the most common type of cryoglobulin?
a. monoclonal immunoglobulins
b. polyclonal immunoglobulins with a monoclonal component
c. polyclonal immunoglobulins
d. cryofibrinogen
b. polyclonal immunoglobulins with a monoclonal component; MIXED
Which protein(s) are increased in dehydration?
a. albumin
b. haptoglobin
c. ß2 microglobulin
d. A and C
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following statements regarding alpha 2 macroglobulin is correct?
a. it is a positive acute phase reactant
b. it is decreased in nephrotic syndrome
c. it transports cholesterol
d. it inhibits proteases
d. it inhibits proteases
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which serum protein electrophoresis band is decreased?
a. γ- band
b. α1- band
c. α2- band
d. β - band
d. β - band; C3 and C4 proteins are used up in complement
Which protein in pre-renal proteinuria may have increased concentration in urine?
a. albumin
b. monoclonal light chains
c. β2 -microglobulin
d. β- lipoproteins
b. monoclonal light chains
A dye used to quantitate albumin must have the following properties
a. cationic
b. must reflect changes in blood pH
c. must exhibit a spectral shift
d. must bind all proteins equally
c. must exhibit a spectral shift
Which of the following chemicals is a protein hormone?
a. insulin
b. testosterone
c. aldosterone
d. thyroxine
a. insulin
Which protein is a positive APR?
a. albumin
b. α1 acid glycoprotein
c. α2 macroglobulin
d. transferrin
b. α1 acid glycoprotein
Which of the following statements about cryoglobulins is true?
a. they are normal proteins found in some individuals
b. they are not clinically significant
c. they are proteins that irreversible precipitate at cold temperatures
d. specimens must be transported to the lab warm
d. specimens must be transported to the lab warm
Which of the following statements regarding Bence Jones protein are correct?
1) it is a protein normally found in serum
2) it is a paraprotein
3) it is a polyclonal protein
4) it is composed of light chains
a. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
b. 1 and 3 are correct
c. 2 and 4 are correct
d. only 4 is correct
e. all are correct
c. 2 and 4 are correct
1) it is a protein normally found in serum - NO IT IS FOUND IN URINE
2) it is a paraprotein
3) it is a polyclonal protein - NO IT IS MONOCLONAL
4) it is composed of light chains
A CSF PROTEIN level of 0.45g/L may be observed in:
a. bacterial meningitis
b. normal health
c. brain tumor
d. A and C are correct
e. all are correct
b. normal health; ref: 0.15 - 0.45 g/L
What are macroglobulins most commonly composed of?
a. IgM
b. IgG
c. α2 macroglobulin
d. CK-BB isoenzyme and IgM
c. α2 macroglobulin
How can nephrotic syndrome be identified on an SPE profile ?
α2 band is increased
Turbidimetry measures
a.
the amount of light scattered by particles in a solution.
b.
measures the reduction in light transmission caused by particle formation.
c.
the portion of radiant energy that passes through an object.
d.
measures a portion of light that is scattered at various angles
b.
measures the reduction in light transmission caused by particle formation.
What is the SPE pattern of a plasma sample ?
a second spike in the β band (fibrinogen)
What is a function of haptoglobin?
a.
binds free heme
b.
binds free ferric iron
c.
binds hemoglobin
d.
binds free ferrous iron
c.
binds hemoglobin
What is the SPE pattern of cirrhosis ?
β-γ bridging and increased γ band
What is the SPE pattern of polyclonal gammopathy ?
(broadly) increased γ band
NOTE: NO β-γ BRIDGING
Which protein(s) are increased in nephrotic syndrome?
a.
β2 microglobulin
b.
haptoglobin
c.
IgG
d.
transferrin
b.
haptoglobin - increased α2 band
In serum protein electrophoresis, which of the following proteins migrate with the α1 band?
a.
HDL
b.
haptoglobin
c.
LDL
d.
transferrin
e.
none of the above
a.
HDL
What is a function of ceruloplasmin?
a.
plasma proteinase inhibitor
b.
plasma reduction and oxidation reactions
c.
binding and transportation of retinol
d.
binding and transportation of zinc
b.
plasma reduction and oxidation reactions
What is the SPE pattern for hypergammaglobulinemia ?
- all bands are decreased EXCEPT
- γ band is INCREASED
Which protein is a negative APR?
a.
ceruloplasmin
b.
α1 fetoprotein
c.
IgE
d.
transferrin
d.
transferrin
Which protein(s) are decreased in nephrotic syndrome?
a.
albumin
b.
α2 macroglobulin
c.
transferrin
d.
A and C
e.
All of the above
d.
A and C
Which of the following dyes is best suited for serum protein electrophoresis?
a.
coomassie brilliant blue
b.
bromocresol purple
c.
bromocresol green
d.
Sudan black B
a.
coomassie brilliant blue
Regarding immunofixation electrophoresis which of the following statements are TRUE?
1) the technique is used to detect classes of lipoproteins
2) immune precipitate is trapped in the matrix
3) electrophoresis is performed prior to the application of antiserum
4) antiserum is applied to the matrix after electrophoresis
a.
1, 2, and 3 are correct
b.
1 and 3 are correct
c.
2 and 4 are correct
d.
only 4 is correct
e.
all are correct
c.
2 and 4 are correct
What is the SPE pattern of chronic inflammation ?
- albumin is decreased
- α1 and/ or α2 is increased
- γ is increased
Serum albumin can be quantified by the following dye binding methods
a.
bromcresol purple
b.
coomassie brilliant blue
c.
bromocresol green
d.
a and c
e.
all of the above
d.
a and c
What do bands of polyclonal gammopathy look like ?
all regions have distinct (increased) bands
- broad (poly) increase of gamma band
- no β-y bridging
Which statement regarding electrophoresis is correct?
a.
as the voltage increases the current increases
b.
as the voltage increases the resistance decreases
c.
as the voltage increases the temperature decreases
d.
A and C
e.
All of the above
a.
as the voltage increases the current increases
RECALL that CURRENT = VOLTAGE x RESISTANCE
Which of the following are acute phase proteins?
1) α-1 antitrypsin
2) ceruloplasmin
3) haptoglobin
4) albumin
a.
1, 2, and 3 are correct
b.
1 and 3 are correct
c.
2 and 4 are correct
d.
only 4 is correct
e.
all are correct
e.
all are correct
NOTE: only lipoproteins, fibrinogen and globulins ARE NOT ACP
Which of the following dyes is best suited for serum protein electrophoresis ?
a.
amido black
b.
ethidium bromide
c.
bromocresol green
d.
Sudan black B
a.
amido black
NOTE: or coomassie blue
