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PS3121 Forensic Psychology > Serious Offending: Violent Offending > Flashcards

Serious Offending: Violent Offending Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of violence?

A
  1. Interpersonal violence: Physical force or power used intentionally against others.
  2. Self-directed violence: Acts of harm directed toward oneself.
  3. Collective violence: Violence perpetrated by groups for social, political, or economic causes.
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2
Q

How does aggression differ from violence?

A
  • Aggression: Intention to hurt someone.
  • Violence: Aggression with extreme harm as its goal.
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3
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A
  1. Reactive aggression: Impulsive acts of violence.
  2. Proactive aggression: Premeditated acts of violence.
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4
Q

What are the two main sources for measuring interpersonal violence in the UK?

A
  1. Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW): Records violent crimes with and without injury.
  2. Police-recorded crime (ONS): Includes homicide, serious injury, violence with or without injury, stalking, and harassment.
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5
Q

Who are the most common perpetrators of violence based on trends?

A
  • Overall: Strangers (44%), acquaintances (34%), domestic violence (22%).
  • Female victims: Intimate partners (43%), relatives (23%).
  • Male victims: Acquaintances or strangers (33%), relatives (24%).
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6
Q

What is the difference between murder and criminal homicide?

A
  • Murder: Unlawful killing with malice aforethought.
  • Criminal homicide: Causing death without legal justification or excuse.
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7
Q

What were the global homicide trends in 2021 (UNODC 2023)?

A
  • Global rate: 58 per million.
  • Highest rate: 150 per million (Americas).
  • Largest rate: 383 per million (Honduras).
  • 40% of homicides involved firearms; 22% involved sharp objects.
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8
Q

What are common circumstances of homicide?

A
  • Quarrels, revenge attacks, or temper loss (51%).
  • Often occurs when the suspect knows the victim (63%).
  • Half of homicides occur in or near a house.
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9
Q

How do gender trends in homicide differ?

A
  • 71% of homicide victims are male; 92% of suspects are male.
  • Female victims: Suspects are typically partners or ex-partners.
  • Male victims: Suspects are friends, acquaintances, or strangers.
  • Females are most likely to commit infanticide.
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10
Q

What are the two main theoretical models of aggression?

A
  1. Social Learning Model (Bandura, 1978): Aggression is learned through reinforcement or observing others.
  2. General Aggression Model (Anderson and Bushman, 2002): Aggression arises from person and situation factors influencing internal states (cognition, affect, arousal).
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11
Q

What are the stages of Bandura’s Social Learning Model?

A
  1. Attention: Observing behaviour.
  2. Retention: Encoding behaviour.
  3. Reproduction: Performing the behaviour.
  4. Regulation: Adjusting behaviour based on consequences.
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12
Q

What are the components of the General Aggression Model?

A
  1. Inputs: Person (e.g., traits, gender) and situation factors (e.g., threats).
  2. Routes: Internal states (cognition, affect, arousal).
  3. Outcomes: Immediate action or consideration of action.
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13
Q

How do families influence violent behaviour?

A
  • 10% of families account for 40% of arrests.
  • Physical abuse in childhood is linked to violent offending in adolescence and adulthood (Lansford et al., 2007).
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14
Q

What are the functions of carrying weapons, according to Brennan and Moore (2009)?

A
  1. Instrumental: To threaten, protect, or harm.
  2. Symbolic: Social status or heightened confidence.
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15
Q

How does crowd behavior contribute to violence?

A

Violent crowds (e.g., rioting, lynching) amplify violence through deindividuation and collective behavior (de la Roche, 1996).

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16
Q

What are the three components of anger in Novaco’s model?

A
  1. Cognition.
  2. Physiological arousal.
  3. Behavioural reactions.
17
Q

What are the three main explanations for male violence?

A
  1. Social/Cultural: Influence of media, social norms, and hypermasculinity.
  2. Evolutionary: Risk acceptance in younger males due to sexual competition (Daly and Wilson, 1997).
  3. Biological: Role of the MAOA gene and hormonal differences.
18
Q

What is the MAOA-L gene, and how does it relate to aggression?

A
  • The MAOA-L gene mutation reduces enzyme activity, leading to higher levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
  • This results in stronger emotional reactions and reduced impulse control.
19
Q

What is the relationship between testosterone and aggression?

A

Strong empirical evidence links higher testosterone levels to increased aggression (Archer, 2006).

20
Q

What is the serotonin deficiency hypothesis?

A

Low serotonin levels are associated with higher aggression (Duke et al., 2013).

PS3121 Forensic Psychology (10 decks)

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