Series 7: QuickSheet Flashcards
Dividend Yield
Annual Dividend / Current Market Value
Ex-Dividend Date
- One business day before record date
- Date is set by FINRA
Cash Dividend
- Price of stock adjust downs by the amount of the dividend on ex-dividend date
- Taxable when received
Stock Dividend
- Price of stock adjust down for dividend
- Aggregate value remains the same
- Taxable when shares are sold
Even Split & Odd Split
- Number of shares is increased while price decreases
Example Even Split - 100 shares at $30 : 2 for 1 split
2/1 x 100 shares = 200 shares
1/2 x $30 = $15
Example Odd Split - 100 shares at $30 : 3 for 2 split
3/2 x 100 = 150 shares
2/3 x $30 = $20
Reverse Stock Split
- Number of shares is decreased while price is increases
- Aggregate value remains the same
Non-cumulative Preferred Stock
Missed dividends are not payable
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Missed dividends are payable and must be paid before common stock holders
Callable Preferred Stock
- Issuer may buy back shared after a specified date at a specified price
- Issuer will buy back when interest rates drop
Participating Preferred Stock
Issuer may pay more than stated dividend
Adjustable Rate Preferred Dividend
Dividend is tied to another rate (e.g., T-bill rate)
Rights
- Available to existing shareholders
- Short term (30-45 days)
- When issued exercise price is below CMV (allows purchase at a discount)
- Not marginable
Warrants
- Offered with other securities as “sweeteners”
- Sold as units
- Long term (2-5 years)
- When issued exercise price is above CMB (anticipated value with time)
- Marginable
American Depositary Receipts (ADRs)
- Facilitate U.S. citizens owning foreign shares
- Foreign shares held by bank (bank issues receipt)
- ADR is U.S. security traded in U.S. markets (quoted in US dollars)
- Dividends declared in foreign currency, but paid in US dollars
- ADRs have currency risk
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
- Traded on exchanges or OTC
- Provide liquidity for real estate investors
- 75% of assets must be invested in operating income producing real estate or mortgages to qualify as a REIT
- 90% of net operating must be distributed for REIT to avoid taxation as a trust
Coupon, Nominal or Stated Yield
Annual Interest / Par Value
Current Yield
Annual Interest / Current Market Value
Yield-to-Maturity (YTM)
Annualized return if held to maturity
Yield-to-Call (YTC)
Return reflecting early redemption and acceleration of discount gain or premium loss
Price Quote
1 bond point = 1% of par = $10
Yield Quote
1 basis point = .01 of yield
Callable Bonds
- Issuer can buy back bonds as of a specified date before maturity at a specified price
- Issuer will call bonds in anticipation of current interest failing
- Allows issuer to lower the cost of borrowing
- Facilitates “refunding” replacing one issue with another at a lower net interest cost to the issuer
Conversion Ratio
Par / Conversion Price
Example: Bond convertible at $40
$1000/$40 = 25 shares
Parity Price of Common
Market Price of Bond / Conversion Ratio
Example:
Bond trading at $1,100
Conversion Ratio: 25 shares
$1,100/25 = $44 parity price of common
Parity Price of Bond
Conversion ratio x common stock price
Example:
Bond has 25 share conversion ratio
Common stock trading at $44
25 x $44 = $1,100
Term Maturity
Entire issue matures on one date
Serial Maturity
Issue matures over over a period of years
Balloon Maturity
A repayment schedule over a period of years having the largest number of bonds maturing at the final maturity date
Mortgage Bond
- Backed by real estate
- “Secured”
Collateral Trust Bond
- Backed by other securities the issuer owns (e.g. government debt)
- “Secured”
Equipment Trust Certificate
- Backed by equipment used in the issuers business
- “Secured”
Debenture Bond
- Backed by the issuer’s full faith and credit
- Unsecured
Subordinated Debenture Bond
- Paid last of all debt if issuer is in default
- Unsecure
Guaranteed Bond
- Guaranteed by a 3rd party (parent company guarantees subsidiary debt
- Unsecured
Income (Adjustment) Bond
- Interest payable only if earned
- Risky
- Not suitable for investor seeking income
Liquidation Priority
Secured Bonds Debentures & General Creditors Subordinated Debentures Preferred Stock Common Stock
Zero Coupon Bonds
- Issued at a deep discount
- Matures at par
- Often used for target goals
- Very price sensitive to interest rate movement
Treasury Receipts
- Issued at a discount and backed by broker dealers
- Matures at par
- Discounts: accrete (add, cost basis up)
- Premium: amortize (subtract, adjust cost basis down)
Treasury STRIPS
- Issued at a discount and backed by the US Treasury
- Matures at par
- Discounts: accrete (add, cost basis up)
- Premium: amortize (subtract, adjust cost basis down)
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs)
- Sold by financial institutions
- Backed by pool of mortgage securities
- Associated with refinancing risk
- Securities separated into tranches
- Each tranche has different risk characteristics
- Investor chooses tranche and signs suitability statement
T-Bill
Maturity: 1 year or less
Quoted: Discount from par
Callable: No
Example: Quoted at 1.3%
Price = Par (100) - Discount
Price = 100 - 1.3 = 98.7% = $987
T-Note
Maturity: 2-10 years
Quoted: % of par in 32nd
Callable: No
Example: Quoted at 94.08 Price = 94% of par + 8/32 Price = 940 + 0.25 x 10 Price = 940 = 2.5 Price = $942.50
T-Bond
Maturity: 10 or more years
Quoted: % of par in 32nd
Callable: Yes
Example: Quoted at 94.08 Price = 94% of par + 8/32 Price = 940 + 0.25 x 10 Price = 940 = 2.5 Price = $942.50
Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA)
- Backed by the full faith and credit of the US Government
- Approves lenders who issue pass-through certificates created from a pool of FHA and VA insured mortgages
- Monthly check to investor includes both principal and interest
Federal Farm Credit System
- Backed by the issuing agency
- Loans to farmers
- Finance land purchases
- Finance farm equipment purchases
- Establishes buying co-ops to agricultural goods
Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) & Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC)
- Backed by the issuing agencies
- Lines of credit with the US Treasury
- Mortgage-backed paper associated with pre-payment risk
Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT)
- MPT diversifies a portfolio using a negative correlation of securities to all but eliminate unsystematic risk
- Perfect negative correlation is -1.0
- “Efficient Frontier”
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Used to derive expected return of an asset on the basis of the assets systematic risk
- Systematic risk cannot be diversified away
Alpha
- The actual returns that a portfolio manager generates in excess of the risk-adjusted returns as defined by the CAPM
- If the risk-adjusted return is expected is 8% and the actual return is 9%, then the alpha is a positive 1%, this means that the investors return was greater than the risk he took
Beta
- Measures the volatility of a security compared to the market as a whole
- The beta of the market is 1.0 (S&P 500)
- Beta greater than 1 is more volatile than the market
- Beta less than 1 is less volatile than the market
General Obligation Bonds (GOs)
Backed by: taxes
Voter Approval: required
Limits: subject to statutory debt limits
Underwriting: competitive bids
Analysis: tolerance to taxes, debt statement, and debt ratios, ad volerem
Revenue Bonds
Backed by: user fees (self-supporting) Voter Approval: not required Limits: subject to additional bond test Underwriting: negotiated Analysis: feasibility studies and debt service coverage ratio
GO Limited Tax Bond
Issued when issue’s ability to raise taxes is limited
GO Double-Barreled Bond
Bond issue debt funded by project revenue, but backed by the issuer’s full faith and credit (taxes)
Industrial Development Revenue Bonds
Backed by corporations with lease back payment made to issuer
Special Tax Bonds
- Backed by taxes other than real estate (alcohol & tobacco)
- Revenue bonds
Special Assessment Bonds
- Only asses property owners who benefit from the bond issue
Moral Obligation Bonds
Legislative authority is required to pay back bondholders if revenues are insufficient
Public and New Housing Authority Bonds (Section 8)
Bonds provide financing for low and moderate income housing and are backed by the full faith and credit of the US government
Anticipation Notes
- Short-term borrowing in advance of receiving funds from long-term debt
- Examples include tax, revenue, bond and grant anticipation notes
GO Index
20 specific GO bonds each with 20-year maturities
Revdex
25 specific revenue bonds each with 30 year maturity
30-Day Visible Supply
Total par value of all new municipals to be offered in the next 30 days
Placement Ratio
Total par value of all municipals sold/total par value of all municipals offered within the previous week