Series 7 Chapters 11-13 Flashcards
a company that manages a portfolio of real estate investments in order to earn profits for its shareholders, subject to registration requirements of 1933 act. shares trade in secondary market and are marginable. distributions don’t qualify for the dividend exclusion rule.
REITs
types of reits
Mortgage / debt (issue secured loans that are backed by real estate purchases) Equity (own and operate income producing real estate) and Hybrit
Tax benefits of REITs
Reits are not taxed if 90% of income is distributed. doesn’t pass through losses. 20% of distributed income is tax-deductible
methods of offering reits
- exchange listed (registered) 2. registered but non-exchange listed OTC 3. unregistered - private placement
a passthrough venture that is designed to pass through income and losses
DPP akas LP
examples of DPP
LLCs, Subchapter S, join venture, LPs,
Advantages of LPs
flow through of income (no double tax) and expenses. Income flows as passive income. A portion is taxed as ordinary income (20% is deductible) and have limited liability
disadvantages of LPs
NOT liquid, required general patterns approval to sell, not publicly traded, lack of control, complex tax,
what percentage of interest must the General partner have.
1%
Liquidation order for LPs
Creditors, Limited Partner, General partner
rights of limited partner and ways to endanger limited status
right to lend money, inspect books, complete. endanger limited status - negotiate contacts, hire / fire employees, lend name
offering of DDPs
Registration is required under 1933 act, underwriter is used, prospectus is used. unless private placement then securities qualify for an exemption under Regulation D (more common)
Types of LPs
- Real Estate (raw land, new construction, existing, low income / gov sponsored) and 2. Gas (exploratory, developmental, balanced, income) 3. equipment leasing partnerships (good for consistent income and depreciation tax benefits but risk but bad for appreciation of underlying assets)
public equity and public debt programs
DPPs invest in public equity or debt of existing issuers,. small cap debt (many of these are illiquid, unrated, above average yields). small cap equity - publicly traded but may be illiquid, programs often concentrated in specific industry that GP has expertise in
formed as a registered investment company (closed-end) and invest in both the equity and debt of typically non-public companies, including small developing companies, financially troubled, private, they are risky . can buy and sell on exchange
Business Development Companies BDC
requirements of RR for DPPs
Required to certify that they have informed their customers of all relevant facts and lack of liquidity. Investors must have sufficient net worth and income to absorb loss of entire investment. RRs are NOT permitted to exercise discretion with DPPs
Investment fund for wealthy investors, offered under Reg D to accredited investors. Not considered a registered investment company under 40act. Uses exotics strategies. charge a management fee and performance fee.
Hedge Fund
Fund which allocates money to hedge fund manager, suitable for wealthy investors. pay place restrictions on withdrawing money
Fund of Hedge Fund
Type of closed-end fund, their shares are continuously offered however, and don’t trade in the secondary market. only can redeem are certain intervals. Fees and expenses are higher and offer limited liquidity that are more suitable for long term inventors. invest in risky investments.
Interval funds
who is the buyer of an option
the owner, long the option, pays the premium, acquires right
who is the seller of an option
short the option receives the premiums, assumes the obligations
in a call, what is the buyers right and sellers obligation
buyer has the right to buy the stock seller has the obligation to sell. buyer hopes the stock increases, seller hopes the stock decrease
in a put, what is the buyers right and sellers obligation
buyer has right to sell, seller has obligation to buy, buyer hopes stock decreases, seller hopes the stock increases
Equity option example - buy 1 ABC June 50 CAll at 5
Right to buy ABC stock 100 shares, for $50 a share, for a $500 premium , expiring third Friday in June
Calls are in the money when
market price is above the strike price
puts are in the money when
market price is below the strike price
what is the premium calculation
Premium = intrinsic value + time value
when does an option have intrinsic value
if it is in the money. the intrinsic value equals the in the money amount, it will never be negative. remainder amount is time value
max time for options
9 months unless a “leap” then 39 months
even stock splits
anything that ends in 1 so 3-1 or 2-1
stock splits and options
adjustments are done different for even splits - the one time that you increase the number of contracts that you were long or short (2 for 1 now you have 2 contracts). for odd splits and stock dividends the number of contacts stays the same and the underlying shares change. aggregate value always remains constant. strike price is not adjusted for a cash dividend on ex dividend date
liquidating an option
if you are long in the option, you can sell it. if you short the option, you would have to buy it back to close out the position
who issues and guarantees listed option contacts, eliminates counterparty risk by acting as the third party in all options transactions and regulate exchange traded options.
The OCC
who creates the options disclosure document
the OCC
when is trade settlement between broker dealer and OCC
T+1
who is bullish in options contracts
Buyers of calls and sellers of puts
who is bearish in options contacts
Buyer of put and seller of calls
who is bearish in options contacts
Buyer of put and seller of calls
breakeven for calls and puts
For calls strike price plus premium and puts strict price minus the premium. this is true for buyers and sellers
What is the most you can lose if you bought the option and most you can make if you sell the option
the premium
what are the gains and loss for long and short in puts and calls
Buyers of call - max gain unlimited max loss limited Buyer of put - max gain limited, max loss limited. Sellers of call - max gain limited max loss unlimited sellers of puts - max gain limited, max loss limited