Series 2 Flashcards
Near vision may be identified on visual acuity by
A large V or N
2 ways to check near vision
Snellen Acuity and Jaeger Notation
The snellen acuity chart is meant to be viewed from ___ft. Why?
20ft. Because light rays from an object at 20ft are considered parallel, so no accomodation is needed.
BCVA
Best Corrected Visual Acuity
Higher K values (>44) are associated with __, lower K values (<42) are associated with___.
- Near sighted (myopic)
- far sighted (Hyperopic)
What is the average curvature of the cornea (in K reading)?
43 diopters
Asthenopia refers to a patient with:
Eye strain/eye fatigue. Typically the patient presents with non-specific complaints
Jaeger 1 is ____ in distance equivalence
20/25
Visual actuiy of a baby in the first month of life is ___
20/120
Convert any one of the following VA’s to it’s 20/xx equivalent:
1. 5/80
2. 10/50
3. 2/100
4. 5/120
5. 5/400
Get the answer by dividing the test distance into 20, then multiplying that sum with the acuity/second number.
1. 20/320
2. 20/100
3. 20/1000
4. 20/480
5. 20/1600
How should you test acuity of a patient with Nystagmus? Why?
Fog the non-testing eye (rather than occluding) with a +2.00D lens.
To blur vision rather than occluding, because nystagmus movements are more pronounced when one eye is covered, which produces an inaccurate result
What are the two artificially divided sections of the ciliary body?
Pars Plicata (anterior) and Pars Plana (posterior)
Inflammation of each of the following is called what?
1. Pars Plicata
2. Pars Plana
3. Iris
- Iridocyclitis
- Pars Planitis
- Iritis
Name the layers of the lens
- Capsule
- Epithelial
- Cortex
- Nucleus
Name the layers of the cornea
- Epithelium
- Bowman’s Layer
- Stroma
- Descemets Membrane
- 4.5. Pre Descemets Layer/Dua’s layer - Endothelium
What type of cataract can be easily seen during retinoscopy?
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract - looks like a dark spot at the center reflex
Convert any 1 of the following from meters to feet:
1. 6/6
2. 6/18
3. 6/4.5
4. 6/60
5. 6/21
6. 6/9
Formula: divide both numbers by 3, then multiply sum by 10 on both.
1. 20/20
2. 20/60
3. 20/15
4. 20/200
5. 20/70
6. 20/30
A “Z87” or “Z87+” mark on a safety glasses frame means that:
They are rated for Basic impact (Z87) or High impact (Z87+). This means they meet ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standards for safety glasses
A _______ results from scraping an infected tissue to try to get a sample of the infecting agent.
A smear
The speed of ultrasound through vitreous is:
1532 m/s
a type of eye cancer that starts in your retina
Retinoblastoma (the most common form of eye cancer in children) can be in 1 or both eyes
The applanation tonometer head should be set to the _________ cylinder axis for astigmatism greater than ______.
minus, 3 diopters
Orthochromatic films are not sensitive to ____ light.
Red
Which is the maximum amount of corneal astigmatism that Intacs corneal implants can successfully treat?
Less than 1 diopter
After chalazion surgery a ________ is usually applied to prevent bleeding.
Pressure patch
Which of the following does the lacrimal sac drain into?
Nasolacrimal Duct
The colors in an OCT scan of the retina represent the _______ of the layers of the retina.
reflective properties
Increasing contrast in an image may decrease:
Detail
A patient with an ocular history of a an occluded retinal vessel may have a positive family history of:
Hypertension
Which is the long term treatment for acute angle-closure glaucoma?
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
Which term means “on the same side of each eye”?
Homonymous
A condition of chronic inflammation of the eyelid margins commonly caused by staph or seborrhea is:
Blepharitis
Measure anterior chamber depth is accomplished by viewing the distance or the slit lamp reflections between:
The cornea and the lens
Grade 4 angle means ___, while grade 1 angle means___
- Grade 4 being wide open
- Grade 1 being the narrowest opening
What procedure is best used to treat narrow angles?
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
What are the two muscles of the iris
The Dilator and the Sphincter
What does PERRLA mean?
Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light, Accommodation
What is the name for pupils that are asymmetric?
Anisocoria
(T or F) Anisocoria is often caused by retinal pathology?
False
What does the term “ectopic” mean? (pupil examination)
Not centered
How does the lens receive nourishment?
Aqueous Humor
Melanin (pigment) is found in which of the following structures?
Iris, Choroid, and Ciliary Body
Which muscle controls the shape of the lens?
What are the rope like fibers that connect the lens to this muscle?
Ciliary, Zonules.
Which factor affects recovery time and post-op astigmatism the most after cataract surgery?
The size of the incision
In which cataract procedure is the capsule left intact and removed with the lens?
intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE)
Which layer of the lens lies between the capsule and the cortex?
Epithelium
The term “Phaco” means:
Lens
What is the refractive power of the lens?
About 16 diopters
The optic nerve is ___ to the macula
Nasal
The position of the macula in relation to the ONH is anatomically slightly ____
lower
The specialized cells of the retina concerned with “night”or peripheral vision are the:
Rods
Which electrophysiology procedure tests the function of the RPE layer?
Electrooculogram (EOG)
A typical line scan (B-scan) from an OCT has about _____ individual A-scans.
1,000
For foveal threshold testing, the patient looks at:
the center of the diamond fixation pattern
The vertex distance is measured with a(n):
Distometer
Is retinitis pigmentosa hereditary?
Yes
When using the binocular balancing technique, the patient is fogged by adding ___ to the final distance correction of each eye
+0.75
Nerve fibers in the superior retina, do not cross the horizontal line called the:
With the applanation tonometer calibration accuracy is checked at which scale readings?
0 2 6
Downward markings on the gaze tracking graph line indicate what?
Calibration of the applanation tonometer can be checked with what?
A Calibration bar
When testing with the HFA automated perimeter, the patient can pause the test by:
Holding down the response button
A ___ filter is used to accentuate blood vessels on a black-and-white image
Green
How long does it take to become dark adapted?
30 minutes
The GDX measures:
C. nerve fiber layer thickness
Which type of diabetic retinopathy involves panretinal photocoagulation to halt neovascularization?
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Name the three structures of the Uvea/Vascular tunic
the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.
Name the structure(s) of the fibrous tunic
Sclera and Cornea
Name the structure(s) of the Nervous tunic
Retina
What is the type of retinal detachment that occurs when a tear or break in the retina allows fluid to pass through and collect underneath it
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
What is the most common type of color deficiency?
Red and Green
Osteoarthritis is a disease that affects:
Cartilage in the joints
HIPAA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
What is Iridodialysis?
A traumatic separation between the iris root and ciliary body
Tropicamide is a _______ drop that acts by _________muscle in the iris.
cycloplegic, paralyzing the sphincter
Phenylephrine is a _______ drop that acts by ___________ muscle of the iris.
mydriatic, stimulating the dilator
The first step in lensometry is to:
Adjust the eyepiece for your eye
In “with-the-rule” astigmatism, the minus cylinder axis is at or near ___. Against-the-rule astigmatism has the minus cylinder axis at or near ___ degrees. Oblique astigmatism has an axis at an oblique angle, such as ___ degrees.
- 180
- 90
- 45
