September 17 - Scholarship and Survey Flashcards
Aphemia
Reduced Vocabulary and speechless
Distinguished by Broca from amnesia;
Amensia
Loss of the association between idea and words
Distinguished by Broca from amnesia;
Hughling Jackson
Propositionality - When we use language for meaningful purpose its not the loss of the word, its the loss of communication
Superior & inferior languages
Superior = communication language
Inferior = Social words, rote language
Verbal apraxia as a discrete deficit
Anatomical hierarchy of motor functions
Wepman
Refined definition of aphasia - its not only a language impairment but affects the entire personality
Wernicke
Storage for auditory images
Schuell
Theory that no longer exists
Group 1 = simple aphasia - most potential for recovery
Group 2 = aphasia is complicated by “central involvement of visual processes”
Group 3 = simple aphasia + sensorimotor involvement
Group 4 = simple aphasia + visual involvement and dysarthria
Group 5 = Global aphasia
Syndrome
Group of findings occurring together with sufficient frequency suggests the presence of a disease process
Variability, inexactness, and incompleteness
Exact Syndrome
Rare in aphasia as in any medical disorder
Dorsal-Lateral Prefrontal Symptoms
Abstract thinking impairment
Impaired ability for multiple information
Failure to shift from a situation
Impaired error utilization - lack of self-criticism
Rigidity in problem solving
Orbitofrontal Cortex Symptoms
Typically associated with TBI and tumors
Altered personality/social behaviors
Medial Prefrontal Lobe Symptoms
Behavior cessation
Akinetic-Mutism - a condition of altered consciousness marked by patient appearing alert but silent and immobile; retain sleep/wake cycles; inattention
Abulia
Abulia
A lack of motivation/desire to perform a task or movement; procrastination
Inferior Parietal lobule (D)
Damage to the dominant (left) side causes:
Gerstmann Syndrome - agraphia, acalculia, R/L confusion, & finger agnosia
Aphasia and Acalculia
Inferior Parietal lobule (ND)
Damage to the non-dominant (right) side causes:
Anosognosia - disease denial
R/L discrimination - spatial neglect of
More serious in ND lesion
Impaired expression and processing of emotions, sarcasm, humor, and idioms
Superior Parietal lobule Bilateral Syndrome
Lateralization doesn’t affect this part
Damage here causes:
Cortical sensory integration
Astereognosis
Agraphesthesia
Stimulus oritentation
Orientation/Space/Location
Reading maps/identifying landmarks
Constructional Apraxia
Temporal Syndrome - Hearing Impairments (bilateral)
Lesion needs to be bilateral
Temporal Syndrome - Central Processing Deficits
Affects language processing, often in people with LDs, specifically auditory learning
Temporal Syndrome - Verbal Memory
Left medial temporal lesions
Verbal memory is always in the left (dominant) hippocampal gyrus and parahippocampal
Temporal Syndrome - Nonverbal Memory
Right medial temporal lesions
Music goes to the right side
Aphasia
Occurs if lesion is on the left side
Paragrammatism (same as Wernicke's) Word Deafness (bilateral temporal damage)
Temporal Syndrome - Bilateral Medial Lesions
Loss of new learning and recent memory
Anosmia - pyriform dysfunctions
Anosmia
Inability to smell
Temporal Syndrome - Delerium
TEMPORARY and reversible confusion due to anoxia
Occipital Lobe Syndromes - Visual Agnosia
Visual agnosia - impairment in recognition of visually presented objects
Occipital Lobe Syndromes - Simultanagnosia
Combining a bunch of visual stimuli
ex. cheeks, lips, hair, eyes = face
Occipital Lobe Syndromes - Prosopagnosia
Can’t recognize people you should (family)
Dominant temporal-occipital lobe - facial recognition brings in emotion = limbic system
Occipital Lobe Syndromes - Color Agnosia
Dominant temporal-occipital lobe
Visual hallucinations
Occipital Lobe Syndromes - Alexia without Agraphia
Person can’t read, but can write
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model
A model based on Associative-connective model that says all association areas are connected to the network of fibers. Non-limbic association dependence.
4 Areas of the Brain
Angular Gyrus = Converts graphemes to phonological representations
Wernicke’s Area = Signal initiation in arcuate fasciculus
Broca’s Area = Appropriate atric program activation
Arcuate Fasciculus = Connects B’s and W’s
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model - Rating
8 speech/language features :
- Articulatory agility
- Phrase length
- Grammatical forms
- Melodic line-prosody
- Word finding relative to fluency
- Paraphasia in running speech
- Sentence repetition
- Auditory Comprehension
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model - Neurolinguistic Explanations
Spontaneous Speech Repetition Comprehension of Speech Comprehension of Printed Material Gestural Response
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model - Spontaneous Speech
Idea generation and linguistic formulation
Lexical selection: midtemporal/parietal lobe
Coded sentences (phonology/semantics/grammar) projection to premotor cortex - Broca’s area
Coding into movement sequence - Broca’s area changes all these codes into movement sequences
Movement sequences pattern to corticonuclear fibers for activating articulators
Regulated by cranial nerves
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model - Repetition
Arcuate fasciculus circuitry function
Perception and discrimination of stimuli in the primary auditory cortex
Coded message projection to W’s area for meaning extraction
Coded message to B’s area
Transcoding in motor movements
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model - Comprehension of Speech
Occurs in the Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernicke’s area - Associative language cortex
Inferior parietal lobe - integration of prior knowledge
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model - Comprehension of Printed Material
Starts in the Visual cortex
Visual association cortex
Mid temporal and occipitotemporal area - meaning extraction and object recognition
Angular Gyrus - cross modality integration of auditor image for reading aloud
Wernicke/Geschwind/Goodglass Model - Gestural Response
Neural commands from W’s and B’s areas to premotor cortex for hand
Premotor to the motor cortex - dominant and non-dominant - Use left PM cortex and send that info down to your extremities
Projections from the spinal cord
Temporal syndrome
Bilateral hearing Central processing deficits Verbal memory Nonverbal memory Aphasia (left lesion) Loss of new learning & anosmia (bilateral medial lesion) Delirium
Agraphesthesia
Disorientation to sensation on skin (can’t identify a letter drawn on the skin)
Adynamia
Loss of strength or vigor
Associated with transcortical motor aphasia
