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Separate Science - Chemistry Paper 2 > Separate Chemistry - C7 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Separate Chemistry - C7 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What two elements make up a hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrogen and Carbon

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2
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons

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3
Q

The ancient remains of plankton and other marine organisms is the origin of what finite resource?

A

Crude oil

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4
Q

What is the general formula for a homologous series of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Draw the structure of and write the formula for the following alkanes:

a) Methane
b) Ethane
c) Propane
d) Butane

A

a) Methane, CH4
b) Ethane, C2H6
c) Propane, C3H8
d) Butane, C4H10

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6
Q

What process is used to separate the hydrocarbons found in crude oil?

A

Fractional Distillation

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7
Q

Name three useful fuels obtained from crude oil.

A

Any three from:

  • petrol
  • diesel
  • kerosene
  • heavy fuel oil
  • liquefied petroleum gas
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8
Q

Name two useful materials that can be made from crude oil by the petrochemical industry.

A

Any two from:

  • solvents
  • lubricants
  • polymers
  • detergents.
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9
Q

Explain how fractional distillation of crude oil works.

A
  • Crude oil (a mixture of different length hydrocarbons) is heated.
  • Different length fractions have different boiling points. When heated, the fractions evaporate and rise up the tower.
  • The fractions cool down as they rise up the tower. When they reach their condensing point, they will condense, turn into a liquid and flow out of the tower.
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10
Q

What is the relationship between the length of a hydrocarbon and…

a) …boiling point
b) …viscosity
c) …flammability

A

a) The longer the hydrocarbon, the higher the boiling point (or vice versa)
b) The longer the hydrocarbon, the higher the viscosity (or vice versa)
c) The longer the hydrocarbon, the lower the flammability (or vice versa)

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11
Q

What type of reaction is shown by the equation below?

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

A

Combustion

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12
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

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13
Q

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of …

a) Propane
b) Ethane

A

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

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14
Q

Describe the conditions needed for:

a) Catalytic cracking
b) Steam cracking

A

a) Catalyst (Aluminium oxide) and high temperature
b) Steam and high temperature

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15
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkanes and Alkenes

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16
Q

What is the test for an alkene?

A
  • Add bromine water
  • Turns from orange to colourless
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17
Q

Which are more reactive? Alkanes or Alkenes?

A

Alkenes

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18
Q

a) Complete the equation below:

C8H18 → C4H10 + _______

b) What process is shown by the equation above?

* This is just an example, you will have to complete any equation for this process.

A

a) C8H18 → C4H10 + C4H8
b) Cracking

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19
Q

Why is cracking useful for modern life?

A
  • Alkenes (that are made from cracking) are used to make polymers
  • Alkenes (that are made from cracking) are used as the starting material for the production of many chemicals
  • Cracking produces short hydrocarbons that makes useful fuels
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20
Q

Separate Q. What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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21
Q

Separate Q. Draw the structure of and write the formula for the following alkenes:

a) ethene
b) propene
c) butene
d) pentene

A

a) Ethene, C2H4
b) Propene, C3H6
c) Butene, C4H8
d) Pentene, C5H10

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22
Q

Separate Q. Why are alkenes classes as ‘unsaturated’?

A

They contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. (e.g. propene contains two fewer hydrogen atoms than propane)

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23
Q

Separate Q. What is the functional group of an alkene?

A

C=C

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24
Q

Separate Q. Why do alkenes tend to produce a smoky flame when they are burned in air?

A

Due to incomplete combustion (when there is insufficient oxygen).

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25
Q

Separate Q. What happens to the double carbon-carbon bond of an alkene when alkenes react with hydrogen, oxygen or a halogen?

A

The double carbon-carbon bond becomes a single carbon-carbon bond because atoms are added.

26
Q

Separate Q. Describe the conditions needed for the following reactions:

a) alkene + water
b) alkene + hydrogen

A

a) High Temperature and a catalyst
b) Nickel Catalyst and 60 oC

27
Q

Separate Q. Complete the equation below by drawing the structural formulae of the products of the reaction:

*this is just an example, you need to be able to do this for any reaction between the first four alkenes (ethene, propene, butene, pentene) and water, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

A
28
Q

Separate Q. Describe the reactions between:

a) an alkene and hydrogen
b) an alkene and water
c) an alkene and a halogen

A

a) An alkene reacting with hydrogen is a hydrogenation reaction. The double carbon-carbon bond opens up and Hydrogen atoms are added. An alkene turns into an alkane.
b) When alkenes react with steam an alcohol is formed.
c) When an alkene reacts with a halogen, the double carbon-carbon bond opens up and halogen atoms are added. The molecule becomes saturated.

29
Q

Separate Q. What is the functional group for an alcohol?

A

-OH

30
Q

Separate Q. Draw the structure of and write the formula for the following alcohols:

a) methanol
b) ethanol
c) propanol
d) butanol

A

a) Methanol
b) Ethanol
c) Propanol
d) Butanol

31
Q

Separate Q. Describe the following reactions:

a) an alcohol and sodium
b) an alcohol burning in air
c) an alcohol added to water
d) an alcohol with an oxidising agent added

A

a) Alcohols react with sodium to produce a salt and hydrogen gas.
b) Alcohols undergo complete combustion when burnt in air producing carbon dioxide and water.
c) An alcohol will dissolve in water to produce a neutral solution.
d) When an oxidising agent is added to an alcohol, a carboxylic acid will form.

32
Q

Separate Q. What are the three main uses of alcohols?

A
  • Fuels
  • Solvents
  • Alcoholic beverages
33
Q

Separate Q. What are the conditions needed for fermentation?

A
  • Warm
  • Slightly acidic
  • Anaerobic (no oxygen)
34
Q

Separate Q. Describe how ethanol is produced by fermentation

A
  • Sugar is extracted from plants (e.g. sugar cane)
  • Yeast is added and the mixture is kept warm.
  • Yeast converts sugars into ethanol via anaerobic respiration.

Sugar → ethanol + carbon dioxide

35
Q

Separate Q. Write balanced symbol equations for the combustion of the following alcohols:

a) methanol
b) butanol

*these are just examples, you will also have to be able to do this for ethanol and propanol

A

a) 2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O
b) C4H9OH + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O

36
Q

Separate Q. What is the functional group for a carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

37
Q

Separate Q. What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds with the same general formula that react in a similar way.

38
Q

Separate Q. Draw the structure of and write the formula for the following carboxylic acids:

a) methanoic acid
b) ethanoic acid
c) propanoic acid
d) butanoic acid

A

a) Methanoic acid, HCOOH
b) Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
c) Propanoic acid, C2H5COOH
d) Butanoic acid, C3H7COOH

39
Q

Separate Q. Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with:

a) a carbonate
b) water
c) an alcohol

A

a) Reacting a carboxylic acid with a carbonate will produce a salt, water and carbon dioxide
b) A carboxylic acid will dissolve in water to produce a weak acid (they don’t ionise completely)
c) Reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol will produce an ester and water.

40
Q

Separate Higher Q. Explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids

A
  • They only partially ionise in water
  • Only a small proportion of acid molecules dissociate to release H+ ions.
41
Q

Separate Q. Name the ester produced when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol.

A

Ethyl Ethanoate

42
Q

Separate Q. By what process are polymers made from alkenes?

A

Addition Polymerisation

43
Q

Separate Q. Complete the diagram below by drawing the polymer unit for poly(propene)

A
44
Q

Separate Q. Describe what happens in addition polymerisation.

A

Many small monomers join together to form a long molecule of repeating units (a polymer).

45
Q

Separate Higher Q. Describe what happens in condensation polymerisation.

A
  • Monomers with two functional groups join together
  • Small molecules, such as water, are lost in the process
46
Q

Separate Higher Q. What type of polymerisation is shown in the diagram below?

A

Condensation Polymerisation

47
Q

Separate Higher Q. Name the polymer produced from the monomers ethane diol and hexanedioic acid.

A

Polyester

48
Q

Separate Higher Q. How are monomers in condensation polymerisation different from those in addition polymerisation?

A
  • The monomers in condensation polymerisation have two functional groups.
  • Often two different monomers joined together to make the polymer.
49
Q

Separate Higher Q. How many different functional groups are there in an amino acid?

A

Two

50
Q

Separate Higher Q. Name the polymer produced from the condensation polymerisation of amino acids.

A

Polypeptides

51
Q

Separate Higher Q. What is glycine an example of?

A

An amino acid

52
Q

Separate Higher Q. If different amino acids are combined in the same chain, what is the product called?

A

A protein

53
Q

Separate Q. Name the monomer unit that joins to make cellulose.

A

Simple Sugars (glucose)

54
Q

Separate Q. Name the monomer unit that joins to make starch.

A

Simple Sugars (glucose)

55
Q

Separate Q. What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

56
Q

Separate Q. Name the polymer that encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

57
Q

Separate Q. What shape do the two polymer strands of DNA form?

A

A double helix

58
Q

Separate Q. How many different monomers make up a DNA double helix?

A

4

59
Q

Separate Q. What are the monomers that make up DNA called?

A

Nucleotides

60
Q

Separate Q. Apart from DNA, name three other naturally occurring polymers important for life.

A
  • Proteins
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
61
Q

Separate Q. Name the monomer unit that joins to make a protein.

A

Amino acids

Separate Science - Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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