Separate Chemistry C10 Using Resources Flashcards by Revision Monkey

Suggest two ways in which Humans use the Earth’s resources.

Any two from:

warmth

shelter

food

transport

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What is meant by the term ‘sustainable development’?

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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Give one example of a natural product that has been supplemented by, or replaced by, agricultural or synthetic products.

Suggestions include:

Man made polymers have replaced natural rubber in a number of uses (e.g. car tyres)
Concrete has replaced natural stone in some buildings
Manure replaced by artificial fertilisers

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What is potable water?

Water that is safe to drink.

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Is potable water pure water?

No, because it contains dissolved substances

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What two things must drinking water have low levels of?

Dissolved salts
Microbes

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Describe how potable water is produced in the UK.

Choose an appropriate source of fresh water
Passing the water through the filter beds
Sterilising the water

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Name the three different sterilising agents that can be used to make potable water.

Chlorine
Ozone
Ultraviolet light

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Name two processes that can be used to desalinate water.

Distillation
Reverse Osmosis

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Name the process by which salt is removed from water.

Desalination

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Why does industrial waste water need treatment before being released into the environment?

To remove organic matter and harmful chemicals

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Why does sewage and agricultural waste water need treatment before being released into the environment?

To remove organic matter and harmful microbes

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Describe the four main stages in the process of sewage treatment

Screening and grit removal
Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent

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Higher Q. Why are new ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores needed?

High grade copper ores are running out.

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Higher Q. What big advantage do phytomining and bioleaching have over traditional copper mining methods?

These methods do not involve digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock.

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Higher Q. Describe the main stages in the phytomining process.

Plants are grown on low-grade copper ores
Plants absorb copper compounds
Plants are harvested then burned
Ash contains metal compounds

*Then electrolysis or displacement may be used to remove copper from the ash.

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Higher Q. How does bioleaching work?

Bacteria produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

*Then electrolysis or displacement may be used to remove copper from the ash.

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Higher Q. What two methods can be used to extract the copper from copper compounds after phytomining and bioleaching?

Electrolysis
Displacement using scrap iron

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What are the four stages of a product’s life that are assessed by Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)?

Extracting and processing raw materials
Manufacturing and packaging
Use and operation during its lifetime
Disposal at the end of its useful life (including transport and distribution at each stage)

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What effects are difficult to predict by Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), making them a little subjective?

Pollutant effects

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Name three materials that are produced from limited raw materials.

Any three from:

metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics, plastics

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What are the four main advantages of reusing and recycling materials?

Conserving limited resources
Conserving energy
Reducing waste (e.g. in landfill)
Reducing environmental impacts

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How are glass bottles recycled?

They are crushed and melted to make different glass products.

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How are metals recycled?

They are melted and recasted or reformed into different products.

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Why is scrap steel added to iron from a blast furnace?

To reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore.

**Separate Q**. What is corrosion?

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment.

**Separate Q**. Rusting is an example of corrosion. What conditions are needed for iron to rust?

Water and air

**Separate Q**. Give three ways in which metals can be coated to prevent corrosion.

* Greasing * Painting * Electroplating

**Separate Q**. Why is aluminium resistant to corrosion?

Aluminium has an oxide coating

**Separate Q**. How does sacrificial protection work?

* Metals are coated with a more reactive metal * This metal will oxidise therefore protecting the less reactive metal * E.g. zinc is used to galvanise iron

**Separate Q**. Which two metals make up the alloy Bronze? **Separate Q**. Which two metals make up the alloy Brass?

* Bronze: Copper and Tin * Brass: Copper and Zinc

**Separate Q**. The gold used in jewellery is usually mixed with which other metals to form an alloy?

silver, copper and zinc

**Separate Q**. What percentage of gold is in the following gold jewellery?: a) 24 carat ring b) 18 carat necklace

a) 100 % (pure gold) b) 75% gold

**Separate Q**. What are the main properties of high carbon steel?

Strong and brittle

**Separate Q**. What are the main properties of low carbon steel?

Soft and easily shaped

**Separate Q**. What are the properties of stainless steel? **Separate Q**. What other metals are mixed with steel to make stainless steel?

* Hard and resistant to corrosion * Chromium and nickel

**Separate Q**. Give a use of the following alloys: a) high-carbon steel b) low-carbon steel c) stainless steel d) aluminium alloys

a) high-carbon steel - bridges b) low-carbon steel – car bodies c) stainless steel - cutlery d) aluminium alloys - aircraft

**Separate Q**. How is soda-lime glass made?

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

**Separate Q**. Which has a higher melting point, soda-lime glass or borosilicate glass.

Borosilicate glass

**Separate Q**. What is borosilicate glass made from?

Sand and boron trioxide

**Separate Q**. How are clay ceramics such as pottery and bricks made?

By shaping wet clay then heating in a furnace.

**Separate Q**. Name the monomer used to make low density (LD) and high density (HD) poly(ethene).

Ethene

**Separate Q**. Explain the difference between the structures of thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers.

Thermosoftening polymers contain individual polymer chains with weak intermolecular forces between the chains whereas thermosetting polymers are made up of polymer chains with crosslinks between the chains.

**Separate Q**. Explain how low density polymers are made. **Separate Q**. Explain how high density polymers are made.

Low density polymers are made from ethene with a specific catalyst, under high pressure and moderate temperature. High density polymers are made from ethene with a specific catalyst, under lower temperature and pressure (compared to low density polymers).

**Separate Q**. Which type of polymer melts upon heating?

Thermosoftening Polymers

**Separate Q**. What is a composite?

A composite is a substance made of two different materials (one material is embedded in the other).

**Separate Q**. Give two examples of composites.

Examples include: * Fibreglass * Carbon fibre * Concrete * Wood

**Separate Q**. What is the name of the process used to produce ammonia?

Haber Process

**Separate Q**. What is the ammonia made in the Haber Process used to produce?

Nitrogen-based fertilisers

**Separate Q**. Name the two raw materials used in the Haber Process and give a source of each.

* Nitrogen (from the air) * Hydrogen (from natural gas)

**Separate Q**. Name the catalyst used in the Haber Process.

Iron

**Separate Q**. What are the temperature and pressure conditions for the Haber Process?

* 450 ^oC * 200 atmospheres

**Separate Q**. Write the word and symbol equation for the production of ammonia in the Haber Process.

Nitrogen + Hydrogen ⇔ Ammonia N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) ⇔ 2NH₃ (g) \*note the *_incorrect_* symbol for a reversible reaction has been used.

**Separate Q.** Describe how ammonia is removed from the reactor in the Haber Process. **Separate Q**. What happens to the remaining Nitrogen and Hydrogen in this process?

* The gases are cooled, the ammonia liquefies and is removed. * The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled.

**Separate Q**. What three elements are found in NPK fertilisers?

* Nitrogen * Phosphorous * Potassium

**Separate Q**. Describe how phosphate rock can be made into a fertiliser.

Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid to produce a soluble salt that can be used as a fertiliser.

**Separate Q**. Name the products of the following reactions: a) phosphate rock + sulfuric acid b) phosphate rock + nitric acid c) phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

a) calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate b) phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate c) calcium phosphate

**Separate Q**. Describe how industrial NPK fertilisers are made.

* NPK fertilisers are formulations containing salts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. * To make the salts, reactions are carried out in large vats and at high concentrations. * The reactions are highly exothermic and the heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixtures to make a concentrated salt product. * E.g. reaction of ammonia with nitric acid produces ammonium nitrate.

**Separate Q**. Name two chemicals that ammonia can be used to manufacture.

* Ammonium salts * Nitric Acid

**Separate Q**. Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and phosphate rock are all obtained through mining, but which one can’t be directly used as a fertiliser?

Phosphate rock