Separate Chemistry - C2 Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter

Question 1

What type of bond exists between metals and non-metals in a compound?

Answer 1

Ionic Bond

Question 2

What type of bond exists in non-metal elements and compounds?

Answer 2

Covalent Bond

Question 3

What type of bonding exists in metallic elements and alloys?

Answer 3

Metallic bonding

Question 4

What is the name for the electrons that are free to flow in metallic bonding?

Answer 4

Delocalised electrons

Question 5

What is the name for the forces that exist between ions in an ionic bond?

Answer 5

Electrostatic forces

Question 6

Q. In which type of bond are electrons shared?

Q. In which type of bond are electrons transferred?

Answer 6

• Covalent bond (electrons shared)
• Ionic bond (electrons transferred)

Question 7

When atoms gain or lose electrons to become ions, they will have the electron structure of what group of elements?

Answer 7

Noble gases

Question 8

Q. What charge do metal ions have?

Q What charge do non-metal ions (except Hydrogen) have?

Answer 8

• Metal ions are positive
• Non-metal ions are negative

Question 9

Describe how sodium and chlorine bond to form sodium chloride.

*this is just an example, you should be able to do this for any metal and non-metal.

Answer 9

• The sodium atom loses one electron to become a sodium ion
• The chlorine atom gains one electron to become a chloride ion
• The positive sodium ion is attracted to the negative chloride ion to form sodium chloride.

Question 10

Draw dot and cross diagrams for the atoms and ions of the following elements:

a) Magnesium
b) Fluorine

*this is just an example, you should be able to do this for any element in Groups 1, 2, 6 & 7.

Answer 10

Question 11

What charge do the ions of elements in the following groups have?

a) Group 1
b) Group 2
c) Group 6
d) Group 7

Answer 11

a) Group 1: +
b) Group 2: 2+
c) Group 6: 2-
d) Group 7: -

Question 12

Describe the structure and bonding of an ionic compound.

Answer 12

• Ionic bonding
• Giant structure of ions
• Lattice structure
• Oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic forces acting in all directions

Question 13

What type of bonding is represented by the diagrams below?

Answer 13

Ionic bonding

Question 14

What are the limitations of the following diagrams to represent ionic structures?

• Dot and Cross
• Ball and Stick

Answer 14

• Dot and cross: Doesn’t show the structure of the ionic compound, the size or arrangement of ions.
• Ball and stick: Suggests gap between ions which aren’t in fact there.

Question 15

Use the diagram to work out the empirical formula of the sodium chloride.

*this is just an example, you should be able to do this when given a diagram of any ionic compound.

Answer 15

By looking at the ratio of ions in the compound:

• Ratio of ions in compound 1:1

Or, to calculate using charges on ions

• Charge on sodium ion +
• Charge on chloride ion –

Answer: Formula of sodium chloride: NaCl

Question 16

Small molecules contain what type of bonds?

Answer 16

Covalent bonds

Question 17

What type of bonds exist in large molecules, such as polymers?

Answer 17

Covalent bonds

Question 18

Give three examples of giant covalent structures.

Answer 18

• Diamond
• Graphite
• Silicon dioxide

Question 19

What type of bonding is represented by the following diagrams?

Answer 19

Covalent bonding

Question 20

What do the lines in the following molecule represent?

Answer 20

Single covalent bonds

Question 21

Draw dot and cross diagrams for the following molecules:

a) Hydrogen chloride
b) Methane

*these are examples, you should be able to also do this for nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, water and ammonia

Answer 21

Question 22

What type of molecule is represented below?

Answer 22

Polymer

Question 23

Describe the structure and bonding in a metal.

Answer 23

• Metallic bonding
• Strong metallic bonds
• Giant structure of metal atoms in regular pattern
• Outer shell electrons are delocalised

Question 24

What type of bonding is represented by the diagram below?

Answer 24

Metallic bonding

Question 25

Name the changes of state represented by the letters a,b,c & d below:

Answer 25

a) Melting b) Freezing c) Boiling d) Condensing

Question 26

Draw a particle model to represent the following states: a) Solid b) Liquid c) Gas

Answer 26

Question 27

What is the relationship between the forces between particles and a substance’s melting and boiling points?

Answer 27

The stronger the forces between particles, the higher the melting and boiling points (or vice versa)

Question 28

**Higher Q**. What are the limitations of using the particle models below to represent solids, liquids and gases?

Answer 28

* No forces between the particles are shown in the diagram * All particles are represented by spheres * All the spheres are solid and inelastic

Question 29

What do the following state symbols represent? a) s b) l c) g d) aq

Answer 29

a) Solid b) Liquid c) Gas d) Aqueous

Question 30

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

Answer 30

Because a lot of energy is needed to break the many strong bonds.

Question 31

Why do molten or aqueous solutions of ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Answer 31

Ions are free to move so charge can flow

Question 32

Why do small molecules usually have relatively low melting and boiling points?

Answer 32

* They have weak forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) * It is the intermolecular forces that are overcome, not the covalent bonds, when the substance boils.

Question 33

What happens to the size of intermolecular forces as the size of molecules increase?

Answer 33

The size of intermolecular forces increase (hence higher melting and boiling points for larger molecules)

Question 34

Can molecules conduct electricity? Give a reason for your answer.

Answer 34

No, because they have no overall electric charge.

Question 35

What state are most polymers at room temperature? Why?

Answer 35

* Solid * Because they are large molecules, with strong intermolecular forces, hence relatively high melting and boiling points (compared with small molecules).

Question 36

What bonds must be overcome in order to melt or boil giant covalent structures?

Answer 36

The strong covalent bonds between the atoms

Question 37

Name the structures represented by the diagrams below:

Answer 37

a) diamond b) graphite c) silicon dioxide (silica)

Question 38

Diamond and graphite are made out of a single element. Name this element.

Answer 38

Carbon

Question 39

Do metals have high or low melting points and boiling points?

Answer 39

High melting and boiling points

Question 40

Describe how the arrangement of atoms makes pure metals soft.

Answer 40

* Atoms arranged in layers * Layers slide easily over each other

Question 41

Describe how the arrangement of atoms in an alloy makes alloys harder than pure metal.

Answer 41

* Different sized atoms * Layers distorted * Atoms can’t easily slide over each other

Question 42

Why are metals good conductors of heat and electricity?

Answer 42

They have delocalised electrons that can carry the charge (in terms of conducting electricity) or transfer energy (in terms of conducting heat)

Question 43

Describe the structure and bonding of Diamond.

Answer 43

* Giant Covalent Structure * Each carbon forms four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms

Question 44

Describe the properties of Diamond

Answer 44

* Hard * Very high melting point * Doesn’t conduct electricity

Question 45

Describe the structure and bonding of Graphite.

Answer 45

* Giant covalent structure * Each carbon forms three covalent bonds with other carbon atoms * Forms layers of hexagonal rings * No covalent bonds between layers * One electron from each carbon atom is delocalised

Question 46

Q. What is graphene? Q. Name two uses of graphene.

Answer 46

* A single layer of graphite * Used in electronics and composites

Question 47

Q. What is the chemical formula of Buckminsterfullerene? Q. What element are all fullerenes made from? Q. Describe the structure of fullerenes.

Answer 47

* C₆₀ * Carbon * Mostly hexagonal rings of carbon (will also have rings with 5 or 7 carbon atoms). Can be spherical or cylindrical in shape.

Question 48

What are cylindrical fullerenes called and why are they useful?

Answer 48

* Nanotubes * They have a high length to diameter ratio making them useful for nanotechnology, electronics and materials.

Question 49

**Separate Q**. Approximately what size are nanoparticles?

Answer 49

1-100 nm, or a few hundred atoms

Question 50

**Separate Q**. Approximately what size are fine particles (PM2.5)?

Answer 50

100 to 2500 nm | (1 x 10-7 m to 2.5 x 10-6 m)

Question 51

**Separate Q**. Approximately what size are coarse particles (PM10)?

Answer 51

2500 nm to 10000 nm (2.5 x 10-6 m to 1 x 10-5 m

Question 52

**Separate Q**. What type of particles are dust?

Answer 52

Coarse Particles

Question 53

**Separate Q**. As the side of a cube decreases by a factor of 10, what happens to the surface area:volume ratio of the cube?

Answer 53

Increases by a factor of 10

Question 54

**Separate Q**. Suggest some applications of nanoparticles.

Answer 54

* Medicine * Electronics * Cosmetics * Sun creams * Deodorants * Catalysts

Question 55

**Separate Q**. How does the surface area to volume ratio of a nanoparticle compare to a normal sized particle?

Answer 55

Nanoparticles have higher surface area to volume ratios (or vice versa).

Question 56

**Separate Q**. What are some of the risks associated with using nanoparticles?

Answer 56

* Some people worried that nanoparticles will be in use before any effects on human health are fully understood. * Though not confirmed, could cause cell damage, or damage to the environment if washed away.