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Master Separate Science - Chemistry > Separate Chemistry 5.10 > Flashcards

Separate Chemistry 5.10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Suggest two ways in which Humans use the Earth’s resources.

A

Any two from:

warmth

shelter

food

transport

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2
Q

What is meant by the term ‘sustainable development’?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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3
Q

Give one example of a natural product that has been supplemented by, or replaced by, agricultural or synthetic products.

A

Suggestions include:

  • Man made polymers have replaced natural rubber in a number of uses (e.g. car tyres)
  • Concrete has replaced natural stone in some buildings
  • Manure replaced by artificial fertilisers
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4
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink.

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5
Q

Is potable water pure water?

A

No, because it contains dissolved substances

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6
Q

What two things must drinking water have low levels of?

A
  • Dissolved salts
  • Microbes
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7
Q

Describe how potable water is produced in the UK.

A
  • Choose an appropriate source of fresh water
  • Passing the water through the filter beds
  • Sterilising the water
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8
Q

Name the three different sterilising agents that can be used to make potable water.

A
  • Chlorine
  • Ozone
  • Ultraviolet light
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9
Q

Name two processes that can be used to desalinate water.

A
  • Distillation
  • Reverse Osmosis
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10
Q

Name the process by which salt is removed from water.

A

Desalination

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11
Q

Why does industrial waste water need treatment before being released into the environment?

A

To remove organic matter and harmful chemicals

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12
Q

Why does sewage and agricultural waste water need treatment before being released into the environment?

A

To remove organic matter and harmful microbes

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13
Q

Describe the four main stages in the process of sewage treatment

A
  • Screening and grit removal
  • Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  • Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
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14
Q

Higher Q. Why are new ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores needed?

A

High grade copper ores are running out.

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15
Q

Higher Q. What big advantage do phytomining and bioleaching have over traditional copper mining methods?

A

These methods do not involve digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock.

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16
Q

Higher Q. Describe the main stages in the phytomining process.

A
  • Plants are grown on low-grade copper ores
  • Plants absorb copper compounds
  • Plants are harvested then burned
  • Ash contains metal compounds

*Then electrolysis or displacement may be used to remove copper from the ash.

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17
Q

Higher Q. How does bioleaching work?

A

Bacteria produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

*Then electrolysis or displacement may be used to remove copper from the ash.

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18
Q

Higher Q. What two methods can be used to extract the copper from copper compounds after phytomining and bioleaching?

A
  • Electrolysis
  • Displacement using scrap iron
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19
Q

What are the four stages of a product’s life that are assessed by Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)?

A
  • Extracting and processing raw materials
  • Manufacturing and packaging
  • Use and operation during its lifetime
  • Disposal at the end of its useful life (including transport and distribution at each stage)
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20
Q

What effects are difficult to predict by Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), making them a little subjective?

A

Pollutant effects

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21
Q

Name three materials that are produced from limited raw materials.

A

Any three from:

metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics, plastics

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22
Q

What are the four main advantages of reusing and recycling materials?

A
  • Conserving limited resources
  • Conserving energy
  • Reducing waste (e.g. in landfill)
  • Reducing environmental impacts
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23
Q

How are glass bottles recycled?

A

They are crushed and melted to make different glass products.

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24
Q

How are metals recycled?

A

They are melted and recasted or reformed into different products.

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25
Q

Why is scrap steel added to iron from a blast furnace?

A

To reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore.

26
Q

Separate Q. What is corrosion?

A

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment.

27
Q

Separate Q. Rusting is an example of corrosion. What conditions are needed for iron to rust?

A

Water and air

28
Q

Separate Q. Give three ways in which metals can be coated to prevent corrosion.

A
  • Greasing
  • Painting
  • Electroplating
29
Q

Separate Q. Why is aluminium resistant to corrosion?

A

Aluminium has an oxide coating

30
Q

Separate Q. How does sacrificial protection work?

A
  • Metals are coated with a more reactive metal
  • This metal will oxidise therefore protecting the less reactive metal
  • E.g. zinc is used to galvanise iron
31
Q

Separate Q. Which two metals make up the alloy Bronze?

Separate Q. Which two metals make up the alloy Brass?

A
  • Bronze: Copper and Tin
  • Brass: Copper and Zinc
32
Q

Separate Q. The gold used in jewellery is usually mixed with which other metals to form an alloy?

A

silver, copper and zinc

33
Q

Separate Q. What percentage of gold is in the following gold jewellery?:

a) 24 carat ring
b) 18 carat necklace

A

a) 100 % (pure gold)
b) 75% gold

34
Q

Separate Q. What are the main properties of high carbon steel?

A

Strong and brittle

35
Q

Separate Q. What are the main properties of low carbon steel?

A

Soft and easily shaped

36
Q

Separate Q. What are the properties of stainless steel?

Separate Q. What other metals are mixed with steel to make stainless steel?

A
  • Hard and resistant to corrosion
  • Chromium and nickel
37
Q

Separate Q. Give a use of the following alloys:

a) high-carbon steel
b) low-carbon steel
c) stainless steel
d) aluminium alloys

A

a) high-carbon steel - bridges
b) low-carbon steel – car bodies
c) stainless steel - cutlery
d) aluminium alloys - aircraft

38
Q

Separate Q. How is soda-lime glass made?

A

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

39
Q

Separate Q. Which has a higher melting point, soda-lime glass or borosilicate glass.

A

Borosilicate glass

40
Q

Separate Q. What is borosilicate glass made from?

A

Sand and boron trioxide

41
Q

Separate Q. How are clay ceramics such as pottery and bricks made?

A

By shaping wet clay then heating in a furnace.

42
Q

Separate Q. Name the monomer used to make low density (LD) and high density (HD) poly(ethene).

A

Ethene

43
Q

Separate Q. Explain the difference between the structures of thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers.

A

Thermosoftening polymers contain individual polymer chains with weak intermolecular forces between the chains whereas thermosetting polymers are made up of polymer chains with crosslinks between the chains.

44
Q

Separate Q. Explain how low density polymers are made.

Separate Q. Explain how high density polymers are made.

A

Low density polymers are made from ethene with a specific catalyst, under high pressure and moderate temperature.

High density polymers are made from ethene with a specific catalyst, under lower temperature and pressure (compared to low density polymers).

45
Q

Separate Q. Which type of polymer melts upon heating?

A

Thermosoftening Polymers

46
Q

Separate Q. What is a composite?

A

A composite is a substance made of two different materials (one material is embedded in the other).

47
Q

Separate Q. Give two examples of composites.

A

Examples include:

  • Fibreglass
  • Carbon fibre
  • Concrete
  • Wood
48
Q

Separate Q. What is the name of the process used to produce ammonia?

A

Haber Process

49
Q

Separate Q. What is the ammonia made in the Haber Process used to produce?

A

Nitrogen-based fertilisers

50
Q

Separate Q. Name the two raw materials used in the Haber Process and give a source of each.

A
  • Nitrogen (from the air)
  • Hydrogen (from natural gas)
51
Q

Separate Q. Name the catalyst used in the Haber Process.

A

Iron

52
Q

Separate Q. What are the temperature and pressure conditions for the Haber Process?

A
  • 450 oC
  • 200 atmospheres
53
Q

Separate Q. Write the word and symbol equation for the production of ammonia in the Haber Process.

A

Nitrogen + Hydrogen ⇔ Ammonia

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇔ 2NH3 (g)

*note the incorrect symbol for a reversible reaction has been used.

54
Q

Separate Q. Describe how ammonia is removed from the reactor in the Haber Process.

Separate Q. What happens to the remaining Nitrogen and Hydrogen in this process?

A
  • The gases are cooled, the ammonia liquefies and is removed.
  • The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled.
55
Q

Separate Q. What three elements are found in NPK fertilisers?

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorous
  • Potassium
56
Q

Separate Q. Describe how phosphate rock can be made into a fertiliser.

A

Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid to produce a soluble salt that can be used as a fertiliser.

57
Q

Separate Q. Name the products of the following reactions:

a) phosphate rock + sulfuric acid
b) phosphate rock + nitric acid
c) phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

A

a) calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate
b) phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
c) calcium phosphate

58
Q

Separate Q. Describe how industrial NPK fertilisers are made.

A
  • NPK fertilisers are formulations containing salts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.
  • To make the salts, reactions are carried out in large vats and at high concentrations.
  • The reactions are highly exothermic and the heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixtures to make a concentrated salt product.
  • E.g. reaction of ammonia with nitric acid produces ammonium nitrate.
59
Q

Separate Q. Name two chemicals that ammonia can be used to manufacture.

A
  • Ammonium salts
  • Nitric Acid
60
Q

Separate Q. Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and phosphate rock are all obtained through mining, but which one can’t be directly used as a fertiliser?

A

Phosphate rock

Master Separate Science - Chemistry (10 decks)

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