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Adult Part II > Sensoty Impairments > Flashcards

Sensoty Impairments Flashcards

1
Q

Normal age-related changes in vision

A 
Typically gradual
Limit functional ability
External changes
Internal changes
Visual acuity 
Light sensitivity
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2
Q

Presbyopia

A

Caused by loss of elasticity of the lens, resulting in decreased ability to see up close.

40-50 years old

Can’t read small print up close

Readers will help

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3
Q

Cataracts

A

Opacity of optic lens

Progressive decrease in visual acuity - appearing 40-50 but not affecting vision until after 60

Painless
May be halos and glares in bright lights

“ i cant see well, things look cloudy, i need more light”

Will have no red reflex on exam

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4
Q

Low vision

A

Age related
Reduced level of vision that can not be fully corrected by conventional glasses

Not a normal part of aging and usually. Associated with underlying eye disease

Difficult recognizing objects at a distance, differentiating colors, seeing well up close

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5
Q

Legal blindness

A

Central visual acuity does not exceed 20/200 in the better eye with correcting lenses or

That the widest diameter of the visual field sub tends on angle no greater than 20 degrees

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6
Q

Glaucoma - Primary open angle glaucoma

A

Most common type type of glaucoma

Progressive loss of peripheral visual fields followed by central field loss

Usually occurs with increased IOP

Risk factors : age, race, fam hx, elevated IOP, common in Asians, eskimos, cauc women

PE: optic disk appears hollowed out “ cupping”

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7
Q

Glaucoma treatment

A

Lowering IOP = #1 therapy

Goal is to prevent loss vision

Refer - eye drops to lower pressure

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8
Q

Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Sudden onset, severe eye pain, blurred vision, unilateral headache, n/v/ and photophobia

Caused by rapid, sudden increase in IOP, trigged by medications, infections, trauma or surgery

Medical emergency - to prevent damage to the optic nerve and permanent vision loss

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9
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Leading cause of vision loss among people 50 and older

Degenerative disease of the central and most sensitive portion of the retina (the macula)

Results primarily in loss of central vision

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10
Q

Dry macular degeneration

A

Progress more slowly than the wet type
Small white or yellowish deposits called druses form on the retina , beneath the macula causing it to deteriorate over time

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11
Q

Wet macular degeneration

A

More rare, when abnormal vessels begin to grow towards the macula. The blood vessels break, bleed, and leak fluid damaging the macula dm cause it to lift up and pull away

Can cause a rapid and severe loss of central vision

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12
Q

Clinical presentation of MG

A

Gradual loss of vision
Visual distortion
Loss of central vision

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13
Q

Amsler Grid

A

Changes in central vision may cause the lines in the grid to disappear or appear wavy

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14
Q

MD dx

A

Dilated eye exam

Drusen bodies - Dry MD

Round or oval area of increased pigmentation - wet MD

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15
Q

MD treatment

A

Age-related Eye Disease Study - suggests diet may decrease risk of vision loss in patient with MD

Vit C, E, beta carotene, zinc, copper, low vision aids

Refer

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16
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Caused by trauma or traction ( underlying conditions that put pressure on the eye)

Characterized by a sudden visual disturbance

EMERGENCY time is critical , need surgical intervention

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17
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Often asymptomatic can be characterized by “ scotoma like black spots” in central vision, if untreated can lead to blindness

Results from persistent hyperglycemia

Affects both eyes, gradual onse, often not noticed, effects both central and peripheral vision

Involves changes to retinal blood vessels that can cause them to bleed or leak fluid thus distorting vision

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18
Q

PE findings

A

Cotton wool spots, neovasculatization, microaneurysms, edema and exudates

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19
Q

Uveitis

A

Inflammation of the “ uvea” iris/ciliary body/choroid - any part of it

Caused by
Infection or systemic reaction
Increased in immune comprised pt
Autoimmune causes

Anterior iritis most common

Unilateral, red and it is located around the limbus

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20
Q

Uveitis s/s

A

Redness, pain, blurred vision, photophobia, increased tearing, floaters

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21
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of the eye, and controls movement of the pupil

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22
Q

Ciliary body

A

Is a muscle attached to the lens of the eye

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23
Q

Choroid

A

Lies behind the sclera and contains blood vessels to nourish the eye

24
Q

Uveitis eval and treatment

A

PE: visual acuity may be decreased in affected eye, photophobia

Refer for treatment

25
Q

Corneal abrasion

A

Painful scratch on cornea

Caused by
Trauma, contact lens, dust, sand, sharp fingernail

Symptoms
Foreign body sensation, intense tearing, inability to keep eye open, blurred vision, pain, light sensitivity

26
Q

Corneal abrasion tx

A

Rinse eye with a ton of water or lubricating eye drops

Tylenol, NSAIDS

Antibiotic eye ointment - to prevent bacterial super infection

Cover eye for comfort

Avoid contact lenses until symptoms resolve

Follow up in 24 hours

27
Q

Subjunctival hemorrhage

A

Painless hemorrhage ( broken blood vessels) in the conjunctiva

Can occur after sudden sneeze, cough, heavy lifting

Should not cause change in vision, itchiness, discharge, photophobia or pain

Will resolve in 1 to 2 weeks

28
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage PE

A

Extravasated blood in the inferior conjunctiva

29
Q

Hordeolum (Stye)

A

Pain, warm, swollen pustule not the eye lid can be wither upper or lower lid - a focal abscess

Self limiting , will resolve in 1-2 weeks with warm compress and no eye make up

30
Q

Chalazion

A

Hard painless eye lid nodule formed by obstruction of sebaceous gland, can be present for weeks to months and they then to reoccur

Should not have eye pain, vision changes, fever

Treatment : warm moist hear for 15 min , refer is suspect CA or doesn’t resolve in a month

31
Q

Blepharitis

A

Chronic condition characterized by inflammation of eyelid margin, freq co exist with dry eyes, entropion and ectropion

Red swollen or itchy eyes, gritty or burning sensation, excessive tearing, crusting of eyelashes in the morning

32
Q

Entropion

A

Inward turning of the lower eyelid with eyelashes rubbing against ocular surface

33
Q

Ectropion

A

Outward turning of the lower lid with increased exposure of the ocular surface as well as disruption of normal tear drainage

34
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Perforated TM
Serous Otitis
Cerumen

35
Q

Nerve deafness

A

Presbycusis
Vestibular schwannoma ( acoustic neuroma)
Meds

36
Q

Central deafness

A

Infection

37
Q

Screening for hearing loss

A

Every 10 years until the age of 50 adn then every 3 years

38
Q

Tuning fork tests

A

Look it up

39
Q

Ototoxic drugs

A

Aminoglycosides antibiotics ( gentamicin, erythromycin)

Antineoplastics

Loop diuretics

Baclofen

Propranolol

40
Q

Tinnitis

A

High pitched ringing or pulsations in ears

Treatment
White noises machines, hearing aids, stress reduction, acupuncture, treat underlying cause

41
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

Disorder of the inner ear that causesL

Episode of severe dizziness lasting 20 min and longer

Ringing in ears
Hearing loss
Sensation of fullness or congestion 
Generally affects one ear
Common with ages 40-60
42
Q

Menieres dx causes

A

Build of fluid in compartments of inner ear that are responsible for balance and hearing which interferes with signals to the brain - vertigo

Refer to ENT

TX: med, salt restriction, cognitive therapy

43
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

Common form of positional vertigo due to presence of calcium debris within the semicircular canal known as the canalithiasis

44
Q

BPPV - s/s

A

Recurrent episodes of vertigo that last one minute of les

Provoked by specific movement

  • looking up while standing, lying down or getting up from bed
  • N/V
  • not associated with hearing loss or other numerological complaints
  • episodes can last for weeks to months without therapy
45
Q

BPPV - DX

A

Conformed by presence of nystagmus present during provoking maneuvers Dix - Hallpike

Treatment is Epley Maneuver

46
Q

Look up Dix - Hall pike and particle repositioning maneuver

A

D

47
Q

Gustatory system

A

Tase - receptors are located in the taste bud on the upper surface of the tong to provide information about the taste of food being eaten

48
Q

Four taste sensations

A

Sweet, bitter, salty, sour

No tongue map

49
Q

Disturbances in the gustatory system effected by

A

Smell

50
Q

Ageusia

A

Inability to taste

51
Q

Hypogeusia

A

Decreased taste

52
Q

Dysgeusia

A

Distorted ability to taste

53
Q

Drugs affecting taste

A 
Antibtiocs 
Anticonvulsants 
Antihypertensives 
Antidepressants
Lipid lowering agents
Antihistmaines
Muscle relaxants 
Anti- inflammatory agents
54
Q

Xerstomia

A

Dry mouth

Caused by salivary gland dysfunction

Can increase risk of aspiration

55
Q

Olfactory system

A

Smell

Receptors are located in the olfactory lining of the nasal passages

Oldest and most vital parts of the brain

Adult Part II (6 decks)

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