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ZOO3600 > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what nervous system are sensory systems a part of

A

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

where do sensory systems communicate information to

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

what are receptors categorized by

A

modality (type of stimulus to which they respond)

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4
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to specific chemicals (smell, taste)

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5
Q

magnetoreceptors

A

sensitive to magnetic fields (balance, touch, hearing)

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6
Q

electroreceptors

A

sensitive to electric fields

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7
Q

nociceptors

A

sensitive to noxious chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli

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8
Q

noxious definition

A

could evoke tissue damage

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9
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensitive to light (electromagentic radiation)

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to temperature (infrared radiation)

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11
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to mechanical energy

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12
Q

exteroceptors

A

respond to stimuli outside of the body

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13
Q

interoceptors

A

respond to stimuli inside the body

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14
Q

transduction

A

conversion of stimuli into electrical signals

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15
Q

what do both transduction mechanisms involve + result in

A

membrane proteins + receptor potential

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16
Q

ionotrophic transduction

A

receptors are ion channels that open when stimulated

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17
Q

metabotropic transduction

A

receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that open ion channels via 2nd messengers when stimulated

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18
Q

two classifications of sensory receptor cells

A

primary afferent neurons and epithelial sensory cells

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19
Q

what is included in sensory signals

A

modality, location, intensity, duration

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20
Q

labelled lines principle

A

distinct units of the brain are specialized for processing distinct sensory modalities, so based on where the signal is coming from the brain knows what type of stimulus it is

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21
Q

what is encoded in the origin of afferent neurons

A

modality and location of the stimulus

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22
Q

how is stimulus intensity coded

A

changes in AP frequency (over limited dynamic range)

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23
Q

small dynamic range

A

response is quickly saturated but has high sensitivity to stimulus changes

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24
Q

large dynamic range

A

wider range of detected intensities, low sensitivity to small changes

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25
Q

examples of log scale

A

quiet sound not detectable in loud room but is in quiet room

26
Q

tonic receptors

A

depolarize throughout whole stimulus and adapt slowly

27
Q

phasic receptor

A

depolarize at beginning and adapt rapidly, stop when stim plateaus and start again with a change

28
Q

what is “tuning something out”

A

our brains stop responding to a consistent stimuli to focus energy on other more important things

29
Q

what do dendrites do

A

project into the airway to pick up odorants

30
Q

how do olfactory receptors encode odors

A

odors comprised of multiple odorant molecules, each activates specific subset of odorant receptors that allows brain to identify the smell

31
Q

steps of olfactory system

A
  1. odorant binds to receptor
  2. olfactory receptor cells activated and send electric signals
  3. signals relayed in glomeruli + transmitted to higher brain regions
32
Q

species differences in odor reception

A

function is the same, # of receptors changes to increase sensitivity

33
Q

how do reef fish see UV light

A

they have UV cones that are sensitive to UV wavelengths

34
Q

how is UV perception beneficial

A

allows for prey capture (constrast of planktonic targets) and communication between schools of reflective fish

35
Q

colour wavelengths

A

each colour has a unique wavelength, red - lowest blue/purple - highest

36
Q

what species is electroreception found

A

lampreys, cartilaginous fish (sharks), other fish species, some amphibians, and platypus

37
Q

how do electroreceptors work

A

current opens voltage-gated Ca channels, depol causes NT release and triggers AP in PAN

38
Q

what is the structure that allows for electroreception

A

ampullae of lorenzini

39
Q

describe shark experiment to determine electroreception

A

testing to determine how sharks locate prey, manipulate conditions to eliminate potential for sight/smell prey capture and see if they are still able to find prey source

40
Q

what do sharks detect in electroreception

A

active muscles of prey producing electric currents (heartbeat)

41
Q

how do ciliary photoreceptors work

A

turn light into hyperpol signal causing light stimulus to initiate hyperpolarization

42
Q

rod function

A

non colour vision in dim light

43
Q

cone function

A

colour vision in bright light

44
Q

what structural features do rods and cones have

A

single folded cilium, high surface area w lots of photopigments, lots of mitochondria

45
Q

what do photopigments contain

A

g-protein coupled receptor and chromophore

46
Q

dominant photopigment in animals

A

rhodopsin

47
Q

what part of electromagentic range can we detect

A

400-700 nm (1500 wavelengths)

48
Q

why is colour blindness more common in males

A

red/green opsin is on X chromosome

49
Q

why does colour reduce underwater

A

light is absorbed/scattered by water molecules so colours with lower energy wavelengths disappear quickly (red) while short wavelengths can penetrate deeper (blue/violet)

50
Q

what is ambient light

A

dim blue daylight and bioluminescence

51
Q

what is UV used for

A

hunting and communicating

52
Q

why is mint “cold” and chili “hot”

A

menthol and capsaicen (plant derived chemicals) activate both thermo and chemoreception for specific TRP channels

53
Q

pit organs

A

allow snakes to hunt w infrared vision using TRP channels

54
Q

what triggers infrared receptors in black pine beetles

A

infrared-induced vibration mechanically stressing the tip of nerve cell

55
Q

what can animals sense via magnetoreception

A

direction and dip angle

56
Q

why are mechanisms of magnetoreception unknown

A

magnetic fields pass freely through tissue so location/size/distribution of receptors is unknown

57
Q

what are cryptochromes

A

non-opsin pigments that regulate circadian rhythmns

58
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensory cells that detect touch, pressure, motion, position, and sound

59
Q

skin tactile receptors

A

isolated sensory cells, include free nerve endings or enclosed accessory structures

60
Q
A

ZOO3600 (3 decks)

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