Endocrinology

Question 1

endocrine

Answer 1

glands/cells that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, long distance signalling

Question 2

exocrine

Answer 2

glands that release products through ducts to an external surface/body cavity, localized shorter distances

Question 3

paracrine

Answer 3

cells release chemical messengers that affect nearby cells, short-range no bloodstream transport

Question 4

lipophilic

Answer 4

fat loving molecules (lipid soluble) that can cross cell membranes because they dissolve in fats/lipids

Question 5

transduction

Answer 5

process where cell converts external signal into functional response

Question 6

signalling cascade

Answer 6

sequence of molecular events inside the cell

Question 7

what distance do hormones communicate over

Answer 7

long distances

Question 8

exocrine examples

Answer 8

salivary gland, glands in stomach

Question 9

endocrine examples

Answer 9

thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland

Question 10

endocrine pancreas

Answer 10

secretes hormones into the blood to regulate blood glucose

Question 11

exocrine pancreas

Answer 11

secretes digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid into the duodenum

Question 12

four components of signal transduction

Answer 12

receiver: hormone receptor
transducer: receptor response to ligand binding
amplifier: signal transduction pathway increases the number of molecules affected
Responder: something that responds to signal

Question 13

what is primary intracellular mode of action of water-soluble hormones

Answer 13

cell surface receptors activate 2nd messenger system upon hormone binding, 1st messenger carries the signal to cell, 2nd messenger relays the signal inside the cell

Question 14

enzyme-linked receptors

Answer 14

bind hormone, generate second messenger

Question 15

g protein coupled receptors

Answer 15

bind the hormon and activate a G protein

Question 16

three subunits of g proteins

Answer 16

alpha - released when g protein activated
beta, gamma

Question 17

what is cAMP

Answer 17

ATP is converted to it, second messanger that activates protein kinases

Question 18

what would an inhibitory alpha subunit do when released in cAMP sequence

Answer 18

shut off sequence of cAMP > protein kinases > phosphorylation of proteins

Question 19

5 main 2nd messenger proteins

Answer 19

cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3, calcium ions

Question 20

hormone cascade

Answer 20

sequence of hormonal activations where one horm. causes release of another, often involves multiple glands and layers of regulation

Question 21

negative feedback

Answer 21

maintains homeostasis by reducing hormone secretion once desired effects acheived

Question 22

positive feedback

Answer 22

amplifies a hormone response

Question 23

neurosecretory cell

Answer 23

type of neuron that produces and releases hormones directly into bloodstream, allows for comm. between nervous and endocrine systems

Question 24

where are neurosecretory cells found

Answer 24

hypothalamus, pituary gland

Question 25

pituary gland

Answer 25

found at base of brain connected to hypothalamus, master regulator

Question 26

posterior pituitary

Answer 26

neural tissue from which hypothalamic neurosecretory cells secrete into the blood

Question 27

anterior pituitary

Answer 27

endocrine tissue producing tropic hormones

Question 28

tropic hormone

Answer 28

targets other endocrine glands or tissues

Question 29

trophic hormone

Answer 29

stimulates growth in target tissues

Question 30

principal neurohormones

Answer 30

oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 31

neurohormone process

Answer 31

1. make protein 2. bring down terminal 3. bring down to blood

Question 32

four components

Answer 32

receiver, transducer, amplifier, responder

Question 33

receiver

Answer 33

hormone receptor

Question 34

transducer

Answer 34

receptor response to ligand binding

Question 35

amplifier

Answer 35

signal transduction pathway increases the number of molecules affected

Question 36

responder

Answer 36

responds to the signal

Question 37

feedback loop

Answer 37

Low thyroid hormone levels → hypo release TRH TRH stims ant pit to release TSH TSH stims thyroid to release thyroid hormones High thyroid horm level inhibits release of TRH and TSH from hypo and pit

Question 38

primary sex characteristics

Answer 38

male/female sex organ traits (size, function, etc.)

Question 39

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 39

benefits mating processes (behaviour, flashiness, etc.)

Question 40

hypophysio hormones

Answer 40

stim/inhib secretion of peptide hormoens from anterior pituitary gland