Sensory Perceptual Flashcards
When does glaucoma occur?
When there is increased intraocular pressure
What are the leading cause of preventable blindness?
Glaucoma
Who is most prone to getting glaucoma?
Most frequent in those over 60 years of age.
Associated with genetic factors.
Can be secondary to certain conditions
—- Eye trauma, diabetes, inflammation
—- Hemorrhage, tumor, cataracts
What are some risk factors that might cause glaucoma?
Hypertension
Migraine headaches
Severe nearsightedness or farsightedness
Normal aging
Goal of glaucoma pharacotherapy?
To prevent damage to optic nerve by lowering IOP.
Mechanism of action for drugs used for glaucoma?
Decrease IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor, or
– Decrease formation of aqueous humor
– Many antiglaucoma drugs affect autonomic nervous system.
Determine factors that could decrease compliance with pharmacotherapy?
— insufficient financial resources
— Lack of knowledge of disease
— Lack of dexterity or skill in inserting eyedrops
— Difficulty in remembering dosing schedule
— Allow patient opportunity to verbalize feelings; provide emotional support.
What are mydriatics?
— Dilate pupil to allow better visualization
— Cause photophobia, can increase IOP, can cause CNS effects
What are Cycloplegics?
— Cause both dilation and relaxation of ciliary muscle
— Cause severe blurred vision, loss of near vision, angle-closure glaucoma attacks
What are the two major sensory functions of the ear?
Hearing
Equilibrium and balance
What is external otitis associated with?
Swimmers ear
What is otitis media associated with?
Upper respiratory infections, allergies, auditory tube irritation.
What is mastoiditis and what is it associated with? What can it result in?
Inflammation of the mastoid sinus
Associated with chronic or recurrent bacterial otitis media
Can result in hearing loss if untreated
What are the drug classifications to treat glaucoma?
Prostaglandins
Beta-adrenergic blockers
Alpha2-adrenergic blockers
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Nonselective sympathomimetics
Cholinergic agonists
Osmotic diuretics
Classification of Timolol
Beta adrenergic antagonist, Miotic
Contraindications of timolol?
Bronchospasms
COPD
Asthma
Heart failure
Bradycardia
Uses/action of timolol?
Lowers IOP by < formation of aqueous humor & > outflow
Uses: reduce IOP, chronic, open-angled glaucoma
What should you do before and after giving timolol?
Check HR
Interactions with timolol?
Antihypertensives
Diuretics
SSRIs > hypotensive effects; NSAIDS antagonize hypotensive effects
Side effects of timolol?
Fatigue
Headache
Confusion
Depression
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Eye irritation
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Nausea
Nursing interventions for timolol?
Some patients may develop tolerance
Do not stop drug abruptly
Report difficulty breathing - withdraw drug
Classification of latanoprost (Xalaton)?
Prostaglandin
Contraindications of latanaprost?
Intraocular infection
Uses/action of latanoprost?
> outflow of aqueous humor, < IOP
Uses: open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, > IOP
