Sensory Perception

Question 1

Visual cues allow up to PERCEPTUALLY ORGANIZE by taking into account what 4 cues?

Answer 1

Depth, Form, Constancy, Motion

Question 2

What types of cues give humans sense of DEPTH

Answer 2

BINOCULAR CUES

Question 3

Define RETINAL DISPARITY

Answer 3

From BINOCULAR CUES and gives idea of DEPTH

Question 4

Define CONVERGENCE

Answer 4

Idea of DEPTH and how much eyeballs are turned

=Things FAR away-> eye muscles relaxed

Question 5

Define MONOCULAR CUES and what they mean for an object

Answer 5

Idea of FORM, MOTION, CONSTANCY

Question 6

What are the 4 things that make up FORM of an object

Answer 6

1. RELATIVE SIZE
2. INTERPOSITION/ OVERLAP
3. RELATIVE HEIGHT
4. SHADING AND CONTOUR

Question 7

Define RELATIVE SIZE

Answer 7

MONOCULAR CUE. Closer object is perceived as bigger. FORM

Question 8

Define INTERPOSITION/ OVERLAP

Answer 8

MONOCULAR CUE. Perception that 1 object is in front of the other and the one in front is closer

Question 9

Define RELATIVE HEIGHT

Answer 9

MONOCULAR CUE. Higher things are perceived to be farther than lower ones

Question 10

Define SHADING AND CONTOUR

Answer 10

MONOCULAR CUE. Perceive depth/ contour= crater/ mountain

Question 11

Define MOTION PARALLAX

Answer 11

“relative MOTION”= things farther away move slower vs. closer move faster

Question 12

Define CONSTANCY and the 3 types

Answer 12

Perception of object does NOT change even if image on the retina is different

1. SIZE CONSTANCY: If 1 appears bigger cuz closer, we still think is the same size
2. SHAPE CONSTANCY: Changing shape keeps same shape perception (ex: Door opening means shape change but we still believe is a rectangle)
3. COLOR CONSTANCY: Despite lighting changes on retina, we perceive the same color

Question 13

Define SENSORY ADAPTATION

Answer 13

Senses are adaptable and can change sensitivity to stimuli

Question 14

Define HEARING ADAPTATION

Answer 14

From INNER EAR MUSCLES. These contract with higher noise to dampen vibrations in inner ear. Needs seconds to work so does NOT work for immediate noise like gun but for concert

Question 15

Define TOUCH ADAPTATION

Answer 15

Temp receptors are desensitized over time

Question 16

Define SMELL ADAPTATION

Answer 16

Desensitized receptors in nose to molecule sensory information over time

Question 17

Define PROPRIOCEPTION ADAPTATION

Answer 17

Sense of position of body in space/ balance

=If give goggles that make everything upside down/ change perception than eventually accommodate over time

Question 18

Define SIGHT ADAPTATION

Answer 18

DOWN or UP REGULATION
DOWN REGULATION: Light adaptation so rods and cones are desensitized
UP REGULATION: Dark regulation so rods and cones make light sensitive molecules

Question 19

Define JND

Answer 19

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE: Threshold notice a change in sensation. Ex: 5 vs. 5.2 lb not noticeable but 5 vs. 5.5 is

Question 20

Define WEBER’S LAW

Answer 20

ΔI / I = K
Where ΔI= JND
I= Initial Intensity of Stimulus
K= Constant
Ex: 0.2/2=0.5/5= 0.1 so change must be 0.1 to JND

Question 21

What type of RELATIONSHIP is Weber’s Law

Answer 21

LINEAR RELATIONSHIP between incremental threshold and background intensity
ΔI= Ik where if you plot I vs. ΔI it’s constant

Question 22

Define ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATION

Answer 22

Minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a stimulus 50% OF THE TIME
Vs. JND is smallest difference that can be detected 50% of the time

Question 23

What factors can influence ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

Answer 23

Not a fixed unchanging number.

1. Expectation: are you expecting a text
2. Experience: are you familiar with phone’s text sound
3. Motivation: are you interested in the text response
4. Alertness: are you awake or drowsy

Question 24

Define SUBLIMINAL STIMULI

Answer 24

Stimuli BELOW the absolute threshold of sensation

Question 25

What are the 4 types of somatosensation

Answer 25

1. THERMOCEPTION: Temperature
2. MECHANOCEPTION: Pressure
3. NOCICEPTION: Pain
4. PROPRIOCEPTION: Position

Question 26

Define INTENSITY of somatosensation

Answer 26

How quickly neurons fire for us to notice

Slow= low intensity

Question 27

Define TIMING of somatosensation

Answer 27

1. NON ADAPTING: Neuron consistency fires at a constant rate
2. SLOW ADAPTING: Neuron fires in beginning of stimulus and calms down after a while but keeps firing
3. FAST ADAPTING: Neuron fires as soon as stimulus starts, but then stops

Question 28

Define VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

Answer 28

Sensation of BALANCE and SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

=From INNER EAR and LIMBS

Question 29

Describe the INNER EAR with vestibular system

Answer 29

Has Posterior, Lateral, Anterior SEMICIRCULAR CANALS filled with ENDOLYMPH
=When we move, fluid shifts in semicircular canals to detect what direction we are moving
=How quickly endolymph moves= strength of rotation

Question 30

Define OTOLITHIC ORGANS with vestibular system

Answer 30

UTRICLE and SACCULE. Detects LINEAR ACCELERATION and HEAD POSITIONING
=Structures have CaCO3 on hair cells in gel so when we go from lying down to standing up, these are pulled= trigger AP
=NOT work without gravity and buoyancy have effects without visual cues on up/down way
=Contributes to dizziness/ vertigo (things around you are moving when they are actually not when endolymph keeps spinning even though we stopped)

Question 31

Define SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

Answer 31

Overall how we make decisions in uncertainty by censoring unimportant vs. important stimuli
HIT vs. FALSE ALARM vs. CORRECT REJECTION vs. MISS
Ex: Given 2 lists and which words on 1st list not just how similar to 2nd list

Question 32

d’ vs. c variables in SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

Answer 32

D’: STRENGTH. Hit > miss when strong signal

C: STRATEGY. LIBERAL= always yes even if false alarm vs. CONSERVATIVE (pg. 15 for graph)

Question 33

Define BOTTOM UP PROCESSING

Answer 33

Stimulus influences perception. Never seen it before. Data driven. INDUCTIVE REASON= always correct

Question 34

Define TOP DOWN PROCESSING

Answer 34

Background knowledge influences. Theory driven. DEDUCTIVE REASON= not always correct

Question 35

Define all the GESTALT PRINCIPLES

Answer 35

1. SIMILIARITY
2. PRAGNANZ: Make SIMPLEST FORM Ex: Olympic rings
3. PROXIMITY
4. CONTINUITY
5. CLOSURE
6. SYMMETRY

Question 36

Define LAW OF COMMON FATE

Answer 36

If 1/2 of dots are moving upward and other 1/2 are moving downward then perceive these as 2 distinct units

Question 37

Define LAW OF PAST EXPERIENCES

Answer 37

Ex: read new english word use this law to interpret “L” and “l” as 2 letters next to each other rather than using law of closure to make it a “U”

Question 38

Define CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS

Answer 38

Context where stimuli are presented and processes of perceptual organization affect how we perceive the stimuli