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Test 4 Histology > Sensory-- only what he said would be on the test > Flashcards

Sensory-- only what he said would be on the test Flashcards

1
Q

Eye Layers

A
  1. Outer- fibrous
  2. Middle=vascular= UVEAL
  3. inner= retinal
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2
Q

Outer layer of eye

A

fibrous =2 parts

cornea and sclera

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3
Q

Middle layer of eye

A

vascular= 3 parts

iris, ciliary body and choroid

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4
Q

Inner layer of eye

A

Retinal= 2 layers
outer retinal pigmented epithelium= RPE
Inner neural layer

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5
Q

Chambers of eye

A

3
anterior = between cornea and iris
posterior= between iris and lens
vitreous cavity= lens to retina

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6
Q

Conjunctiva

A

covers exposed part of eye and is continuous with eyelid conjunctiva

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7
Q

Cornea properties (# of layers, shape, function, blood supply)

A
  • 5 layers
  • transparent, convex shaped (aids in light focus on retina)
  • AVASCULAR= NO REJECTION WHEN TRANSPLANTED
  • Central cornea= nutrients from aqueous humor
  • peripheral cornea= limbus vessel
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8
Q

layer of cornea`

A
  1. epithelial
  2. bowmans
  3. stroma
  4. Decemets membrane***
  5. corneal endothelium **
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9
Q

Cornea layers-outermost

A

Epithelial layer=
Non ker strat sq, microvilli
pain receptors (trigeminal n)
Can regenerate

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10
Q

2nd layer of cornea

A

Bowmans= membrane

type I collagen, no regeneration, part of stroma

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11
Q

3rd layer of conrea

A

stroma

Lattice of type I and V collagen with ECM rich in chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate

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12
Q

4th layer of cornea**

important from class

A

Decemet’s membrane

Thick basement membrane (type VII collagen) made by corneal endothelium

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13
Q

5th layer of cornea***

important from class

A

Endothelial layer
impermeable to prevent leakage.
produces decemets membrane

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14
Q

Sclera- function, characteristics

A

(part of outer fibrous layer of eye)
Opaque, dense CT for protection and structural support.
Insertion point for extraocular muscles

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15
Q

Limbus

A

Corneoscleral junction

next to trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm

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16
Q

Aqueous humor of eye

  1. Production
  2. Flow
  3. clinical correlation
A
  1. made in ciliary body (posterior chamber)
  2. flows into anterior chamber through pupillary aperture. In anterior chamber –>trabecular network –>canal of schlemm–> aqueous veins –> episcleral veins
  3. obstruction of outflow= glaucoma (causes increased pressure in vitreous area= compression of stuff)
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17
Q

middle layer of eye

A

Choroid= vascular, contains melanin
Ciliary body= makes aqueous humor
Iris= 2 smooth muscle layers

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18
Q

Ciliary body- 2 layers

A

2 layers:

  1. Uveal =outer layer, supraciliary muscle and ciliary muscle attach to suspensory ligament. Has layer of fenestrated capillaries
  2. Neuroepithelial = 2 layers ciliary epithelium
    • -> outer pigmented layer (cont with retinal pigm. epith)
    • ->inner non pigmented layer

ciliary process- anterior portion that makes aqueous humor

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19
Q

Retinal pigmented epithelium is continuous with?

A

outer neuroepithelial layer of the ciliary body

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20
Q

Iris

A

continuation of ciliary body
Smooth muscles in uvea control the size of the pupil
2 smooth muscle layers- constrictor= PNS, dilator= SNS

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21
Q

Lens

associated disease

A 
Avascular, transparent, elastic
biconvex
Capsule= thick basement membrane
Zonula fibers change shape of lense= accommodation 
Cataracts- opaque lens, aging
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22
Q

Vitreous humor

  1. function
  2. components
A

DIFFERENT THAN AQUEOUS HUMOR

  1. fills vitreous chamber and keeps lens and retina in place
  2. gel-like, water and hyaluronic acid
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23
Q

Retinal layers–only the ones we need to know

A
  1. Pigmented epithelium

2. Neural

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24
Q

Functions of pigmented epithelium (X3)

A
  1. absorb light rays
  2. phagocytosis of old discs (from rods)
  3. stores and release Vit A for photoreceptors
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25
Q

Neural epithelium (of cornea) - components

A

Rods and cones

have modified cilia on outer segments

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26
Q

Rods

  1. function
  2. cell shape/characteristic
  3. Component of rods?
A
  1. for low light vision and peripheral vision
  2. tall cylindrical cells. Outer segments have modified cilia
  3. Discs (made from plasma membrane) have rhodopsin
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27
Q

Cones

  1. Main function
  2. cell shape/characteristics
  3. Components of cones
  4. area of retina with only cones?
A
  1. Color vision and bright light
  2. Shorter, also have modified cilia on outer segment
  3. Discs and pigments sensitive to red, green, and blue
  4. Fovea= only cones
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28
Q

Renewal of photoreceptors

comparison of rods vs cones?

A

Cones and rods shed disks that are phagocytosed by the pigmented epithelium. The new cones/rods are located deeper and move forward.

CONE DISCS RENEWAL IS SLOWER!

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29
Q

Fovea

  1. Location
  2. Contents
  3. type of vision
A
  1. Pit in the macula, highly represented in optic nerve and visual cortex
  2. 100% cones, no vessels
  3. MACULAR VISION important for VISUAL ACUITY
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30
Q

Retinal landmarks?

A
  1. macula lutea= macula (has fovea)

2. optic disc- where nerve fibers exit retina, no photoreceptors= blind spot

31
Q

Ora serrata

A

junction between retina and ciliary body

32
Q

Detached retina

A

neural retina separates from pigmented retina and from choroid. Capillaries can no longer feed photoreceptors, esp in fovea

33
Q

Leading cause of blindness?

A

Age related macular degeneration
Macular area (with fovea) lose function due to degeneration of pigment epithelium.
Drusen (white spots) form
Leaking behind fovea causes fovea cone cells to die = loss of fine reading and central vision

34
Q

Glaucoma

A

increased pressure in anterior eye due to blockage of AQUEOUS outflow.
This somehow causes increased pressure in VITREOUS humor= compression of blood and nerves and axons

35
Q

What’s associated with Drusen?

A

Macular degeneration- loss of visual acuity

36
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa- symptoms

A

hereditary disease

  • rods in peripheral retina degenerate= night blindness
  • Tunnel vision= fovea spared
  • black pigment in peripheral retina and thin blood vessels at head of optic nerve
37
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

eye blood vessels become distorted and multiple

treated with laser treatment to stop blood vessel proliferation and leakage of fluid

38
Q

hereditary retinal dystrophy

A

RPE can’t phagocytose discs from rods

39
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

compound tubuloalveolar gland
secrete tears which drain by ducts into conjunctival region
tears have lysozymes

40
Q

Ceruminuous glands

A

coiled tubuloalveolar glands in external ear that make cerumen= part of ear wax

41
Q

ear wax

A

desquamated meatal cells + ceruminous secretion + sebaceous secretion

42
Q

Eustachian tube

A

connects pharynx and tympanic cavity

43
Q

Oval window vs round window

A 
oval= input- stapes sends vibration through oval window
round= output
44
Q

Inner ear

A

membranous labyrinth within bony labyrinth.

Bony has 3 parts= vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals

45
Q

Vestibule

A

Contains oval window (stapes on other side)

saccule and utricle- membranous portions with 2 macuale (sensory sections)

46
Q

Parts of Cochlea

A

Modiolus= boney core of cochlea with blood vessels and spiral ganglion
Spiral ligament= thickened periosteum
3 spaces= scala media, scala vestibula, scala tympani

47
Q

Tympanic membrane epithelium

A

inner surface= cuboidal epithelium

outer= skin= stratified squamous epith.

48
Q

tympanic cavity epithelium

A

middle ear

simple squamous epithelium that changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar near opening to auditory tube

49
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

issue is from middle or external ear (prior to oval window)-sound wave conduction
tuning fork test-they can hear it

50
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

maculae= sensory area for static position and linear acceleration.
Two types of hairs cells and support cell covered by glycoprotein layer with otoliths

51
Q

Otolithic membrane

A

gelatinous glycoprotein layer with otoliths that is on top of the vestibular (inside utricle and saccule) hair cells

52
Q

Hair cell

  1. parts
  2. types
A
  1. one kinocilium surrounded by stereocilia.
  2. Type I = bulbar, round nucleus, cup shaped afferent ending
    Type II= columnar with a round basal nucleus. Small afferent
53
Q

Endolymphatic sac

A

formed by utricle and saccule ducts

54
Q

Semicircular canal

A

bony part of innear ear that has the semicircular ducts

55
Q

Semicurcular ducts

A

continuous with utricle, ampulla is dilated portion near junction

56
Q

Ampullae

  1. location
  2. function
A
  1. in semicircular ducts near junction with utricle
  2. has crista ampullares that detect angular acceleration (3 axis/semicircle)
    also has type I, type II hair cells, support cells
    NO OTOLITHS, glycoprotein is CUPOLA
57
Q

Cochlea

A

part of bony labyrinth
contains the cochlear duct. Outer part with perilymph has scala vestibule (above) and scala tympani (below) the cochlear duct

58
Q

Organ of corti

A 
aka spiral organ- within the cochlear duct on basilar membrane. Inner and outer tunnels that communicate with each other 
no kinocilia- 2 types of hair cells
1. Outer hair cells
2. inner hair cells
supporting cells
59
Q

Helicotrema=

A

where scala vestibuli and scala tympani can share perilymph. At apex of cochlea.

60
Q

striae vascularis

A

pseudostratified epithelium lining lateral portion of cochlear duct.
secretes endolymph

61
Q

spiral prominence

A

epithelial lining of cochlear duct that is continuous with stria vascularis and reflected onto basilar membrane

62
Q

basilar membrane

A

thick amorphous layer with keratin-like fibers

63
Q

tectorial cells

A

tectorial membrane

make contact with processes of hair cells (of cochlear duct)

64
Q

hair cells of organ of corti

A

inner- single row along length of duct

outer- 3-5 rows

65
Q

Support for inner tunnel of corti

A

inner and outer pillar cells, enclose tunnel

66
Q

inner and outer phalangeal cells

A

support inner and outer hair cells

67
Q

Scala media

A

cochlear duct- has endolymph

68
Q

Cells of hensen

A

mark inner nad outer border of spiral organ of corti

69
Q

Ability to hear–put together

A

tympanic membrane vibration–>ossicles–>oval window –>perilymph–>basilar membrane–>pillar cells–> movement of stereocilia on hair cells in organ of corti–> rubbing on tectorial membrane–>causes nerve impulse–>cochlear nerve

70
Q

vestibular function of ear

A

head turn–> flow of endolymph in semicircular duct or utricle/saccule
semicircular–> cupula on crista ampullaris–>bending of stereocilia

saccule/utricle= displacement of otoliths–> bending of sensory hair cells–>macula

71
Q

Main function of organ of corti

defect=

A

sends impulses regarding hearing
damage to nerves from disease drugs or loud noises= nerve deafness
can not detect tuning fork sound

72
Q

Tuning fork

A

transmits vibrations directly to cochlea through bone. Can differentiate between conductive or nerve hearing loss.

73
Q

Where in your eye can you find melanin

Test 4 Histology (3 decks)

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