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BDS3 BAMS Special Care Dentistry > Sensory Impairment > Flashcards

Sensory Impairment Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensory impairment

A

When one or more of a person’s senses are no longer normal

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2
Q

What do those with sensory impairment often have

A

low confidence

require support

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3
Q

What are the key care needs

A 
communication 
accessing services
mobility
accessibility and isolation
rehabilitation
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4
Q

What are the groups we forget

A

older people and learning disabled

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5
Q

What is the leading cause of vision impairment

A

uncorrected refractive errors

cataracts

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6
Q

How is refractive error corrected

A

glasses

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7
Q

What are the inequalities with visual impairments

A

prevalence of sight loss is associated with having a lower income

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8
Q

What ethnic groups are more at risk of some of the leading causes of sight loss

A

black african and caribbean - more at risk of developing glaucoma and diabetic eye

south asian - risk of diabetic eye

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9
Q

What are symptoms of visual impairment

A

severe, sudden eye pain
recurrent pain in or around the eye
hazy, blurred or double vision
seeing flashes of light or sudden bright floating spots

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10
Q

What are cataracts

A

clouding of the lens of the eye which prevents clear vision

majority related to aging process

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11
Q

What is age related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

effects older people

involves the loss of persons central field of vision

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12
Q

When does AMD occur

A

when the macular or central retina develops degenerative lesions

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13
Q

What is the macula

A

a tiny area within the retina at the back of the eye

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14
Q

Describe how AMD occurs

A

the cells of the macula are photoreceptor cells which means they’re sensitive to light and play a vital role in our ability to see details and colour
the cells become damaged and scarred

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15
Q

What is wet macular degeneration

A

causes severe sight loss in matter of months

can develop rapidly, resulting in more sudden sight loss

growth of new vessels under retina which then break and leak into the macula

causes scarring to develop within the macula cells

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16
Q

What is dry macular degeneration

A

bilateral condition
90% of cases
thought to have a hereditary element and myopia may be a predisposing factor

GRADUAL LOSS OF CENTRAL VISION

person becomes unable to recognize people bc cannot see their faces clearly
layers of the macula become progressively thinner, causing it to function less effectively

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17
Q

What is a glaucoma regarded as

A

can be regarded as a group of diseases that have a common end point

18
Q

How do glaucoma occur

A

caused by fluid building up in front part of eye which increases pressure inside

symptoms generally aren’t noticed until there is marked visual loss

bilateral condition but affects 1 eye more than other

sight will never recover

19
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of glaucoma

A

primary open angle glaucoma

angle closure glaucoma

20
Q

What is primary open angle glaucoma

A

slow and insidious onset

caused by the drainage channels in the eye becoming gradually clogged over time

21
Q

What is angle closure glaucoma

A

less common
more acute
caused by drainage of the eye becoming suddenly blocked
can raise pressure inside eye v quickly

22
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy

A

is composed of a characteristic group of lesions found in the retina of individuals having had diabetes mellitus for several years

23
Q

How does diabetic retinopathy occur

A

in the early stages vascular occlusion and dilations occur

it progresses into proliferative retinopathy with the growth of new blood vessels

24
Q

What is the cause of diabetic retinopathy

A

Over time, continuously high blood sugar levels can cause the blood vessels to become blocked or to leak

This damages the retina and stops it from working usually in 3 mains stages:

25
Q

What are the 3 mains stages in diabetic retinopathy

A

background retinopathy

pre-proliferative retinopathy

proliferative retinopathy

26
Q

What are risk factors for diabetic retinopathy

A 
duration of diabetes
level of glycemia
presence of high blood pressure
dependence on insulin 
pregnancy
levels of selected serum lipids
nutritional
genetic factors
27
Q

What is hemianopia

A

blindness in one half of the visual fields

is a functional defect which can affect the right or left side

sight loss can be upper lower left or right

28
Q

What is hemianopia caused by

A

this loss can be caused by a variety of medical conditions - stroke being the most common

29
Q

How is visual impairment prevented

A 
regular eye exams
protect eyes from the sun
protective eye wear at work 
know family history
seek treatment quickly
stop smoking
eating healthy and managing obesity
30
Q

What are difficulties that those with a visual impairment would experience

A

not being able to access printed material

difficulty accessing the internet/electronic devices

difficulty in getting to destinations and around the built environment

accessing unfamiliar buildings and environments

lack of awareness of others as to how to help

31
Q

How do you maximize communication for people with visual impairment

A

always identify yourself even in known surroundings

always use names to identify people - especially in a group situation

keep the visually impaired person informed of people moving around and/or leaving the room

tell them what you are doing before you do it

do not use non verbal communication

provide information in alternate formats

prepare the surgery appropriately

arrange for alternative formats to be provided

take time to get the environment right

32
Q

What is the functional impact of hearing impairment

A

ability to communicate with others

spoken language development is often delayed in children

adverse effect on the academic performance of children

increased rates of grade failure and greater need for education assistance

access to suitable accommodation is important for optimal learning experiences

33
Q

What is the social and emotional impact of hearing impairment

A

exclusion from communication can have a significant impact on everyday life causing feels of loneliness, isolation and frustration

34
Q

What are congenital causes of hearing loss

A

maternal rubella, syphilis or certain other infections
low birth weight
birth asphyxia
inappropriate use of particular drugs during pregnancy
severe jaundice during neonatal period

35
Q

What are acquired causes of hearing loss

A

infectious diseases including meningitis measles and mumps
chronic ear infections
collection of fluid in the ear
medicines such as those used in tx of neonatal infections, malaria, drug resistant tuberculosis and cancers
injury to head or ear
excessive noise, including occupational noise
recreational exposure to loud sounds
aging
wax or foreign bodies blocking the ear canal

36
Q

What are signs of hearing impairment

A

inactivity
reduced development of speech and language skills
deterioration of speech
reduced social and emotional development
irritability
autistic like behavior
confusion

37
Q

What are clues to a hearing problem

A 
unawareness of surroundings
failure to respond to sound
asking for sentences to be repeated
speaking in an unusually loud voice
change in tone
withdrawing from life 
spending time alone
38
Q

What are the types of hearing aids

A

behind the ear heading aid
in the ear hearing aid
in the canal hearing aid
completely in the canal hearing aid

39
Q

How do you maximize communication with someone who has a hearing impairment

A

ask if they want to use a loop system

try to establish preferred communication

can book BSL interpreters

face the person, don’t turn away

use clear speech with normal lip pattern

use finger spelling

speak at ear level

repeat, rephrase

write things down

ensure there is no echo

ask people to repeat important info back to u

make sure hearing aids switched on

reduce background noise

allow extra time

prepare an appropriante room

book the necessary communication support

40
Q

Describe the first stage in diabetic retinopathy (background retinopathy)

A

tiny bulges develop in blood vessels which may bleed slightly but this doesn’t affect vision

41
Q

Describe the second stage of diabetic retinopathy (pre-proliferative retinopathy)

A

more severe and widespread changes affect the blood vessels, including more significant bleeding into the eye

42
Q

Describe the third stage of diabetic retinopathy (proliferative retinopathy)

A

scar tissue and new blood vessels, which are week and bleed easily, develop on the retina and this can result in some loss of vision

BDS3 BAMS Special Care Dentistry (14 decks)

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