Sensory Function (Big Red Ch. 3)

Question 1

Feedback control loop

Answer 1

Receives sensory info and then adjusts motor response.

Question 2

Feedforward control loop

Answer 2

Remembers sensory info from previous experiences and makes anticipatory adjustments before the event happens.

Question 3

Somatosensation

Answer 3

• Sensation received from the skin and musculoskeletal system
• Input from visual and auditory cranial nerves

Question 4

Common diagnoses with decreased sensation

Answer 4

CVA, TBI, SCI, MS, peripheral nerve injuries

Question 5

Age-related sensory changes

Answer 5

• Reduced nerve conduction velocity
• Reduced number of Meissner’s corpuscles
• Decreased concentration of Pacinian corpuscles
• Degenerative changes in myelin in the CNS and PNS
• Decreased distance between the nodes of Ranvier
• Taking more medications

Question 6

Alert

Answer 6

Awake and attentive to normal stimuli

Question 7

Lethargic

Answer 7

Drowsy, may fall asleep if not stimulated

Question 8

Obtunded

Answer 8

Difficult to arouse, confused when awakened

Question 9

Stupor

Answer 9

Semi-coma, responds only to strong or painful stimuli

Question 10

Coma

Answer 10

Cannot be aroused by any type of stimuli, may or may not have reflexes

Question 11

Attention

Answer 11

Selective awareness of the environment or response to a stimulus without being distracted by another stimulus.

Question 12

Orientation and how is it measured?

Answer 12

• Awareness of time, person, and place
• If person is correct in all 3 categories they are “oriented x3”
• If person can also provide correct info about current situation, they are “oriented x4”

Question 13

3 ways to test cognition

Answer 13

1) Fund of knowledge
- general knowledge based on life experience
2) Calculation ability
- math
3) Proverb interpretation
- word meaning out of context

Question 14

3 major tracts of the spinothalamic system

Answer 14

• Anterior spinothalamic tract
• Lateral spinothalamic tract
• Spinoreticular tract

Non-discrimintive sensations: pain, temp, tickle, itch, sexual sensation

Question 15

Anterolateral spinothalamic pathway is activated by…

Answer 15

• Mechanoreceptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Nociceptors

Question 16

Anterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 16

Crude touch and pressure

Question 17

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Answer 17

pain, temp, crude touch on opposite side

Question 18

Spinoreticular tract

Question 19

Dorsal column (medial lemniscal pathway)

Answer 19

• Discriminative touch and pressure sensations - Vibration
• Stereognosis
• Barognosis
• Graphesthesia
• 2-point discrimination
• Texture
• Proprioception
• Conscious kinesthesia

Question 20

Superficial sensation

Answer 20

exteroreceptors

Question 21

Deep sensation

Answer 21

proprioceptors

Question 22

Combined cortical sensation

Answer 22

Combo of superficial and deep sensory mechanisms

Question 23

Mechanoreceptors detect…

Answer 23

mechanical deformation

Question 24

Thermoreceptors detect…

Answer 24

changes in temp

Question 25

Nociceptors detect...

Answer 25

pain, noxious stimuli

Question 26

Chemoreceptors detect...

Answer 26

levels of chemical substances

Question 27

Photic (electromagnetic) receptors respond to...

Answer 27

light

Question 28

Types of cutaneous receptors

Answer 28

- free nerve endings - hair follicle endings - Merkel's disks - Ruffini endings - Krause's end bulb - Meissner's corpuscles - Pacinian corpuscles

Question 29

Where are deep sensory receptors located?

Answer 29

Muscles, tendons, and joints

Question 30

Types of muscle receptors

Answer 30

- Muscle spindles - Golgi Tendon Organs - Free nerve endings - Pacinian corpuscles

Question 31

Types of joint receptors

Answer 31

- Golgi-type endings - Free nerve endings - Ruffini endings - Paciniform endings

Question 32

Primary somatosensory cortex (S-I)

Answer 32

- Postcentral gyrus - 4 distinct areas - Identifies the location of a stimulus - Discerns shape, size, and texture of an object

Question 33

Secondary somatosensory cortex (S-II)

Answer 33

- Superior aspect of lateral sulcus - Tactile memory

Question 34

Posterior parietal cortex

Answer 34

- Behind S-I - Consists of Brodmann's areas 5 and 7

Question 35

Brodmann's area 5

Answer 35

Integrates tactile input from mechnoreceptors in the skin with proprioceptive input from the muscles and joints.

Question 36

Brodmann's area 7

Answer 36

Integrates stereognostic and visual info from visual, tactile, and proprioceptive input.

Question 37

Sensory testing sequence

Answer 37

1) superficial sensation 2) deep sensation 3) combined sensation