Sensory Drugs

Question 1

Glaucomas are a group of diseases characterized by what?

Answer 1

Peripheral visual field loss secondary to optic nerve damage

Question 2

How does optic nerve damage develop on open-angle glaucoma?

Answer 2

Gradually over the years

Question 3

How does optic nerve damage develop in angle-closure glaucoma?

Answer 3

A blockage of aqueous humor outflow causes a rise in IOP

Question 4

What does drug therapy aim to do in patients with glaucoma?

Answer 4

Reduce intracranial pressure

Question 5

What are two ways in which drugs can reduce IOP?

Answer 5

Facilitate outflow
Reduce production

Question 6

What three classes of drugs are considered first-line drugs for treatment of glaucoma?

Answer 6

Beta-blockers
Alpha2 agonists
Prostaglandins

Question 7

How do topical beta-blockers work to lower IOP in glaucoma?

Answer 7

Decrease aqueous humor production

Question 8

What are adverse effects of topical beta-blockers if too much is given to a patient with glaucoma?

Answer 8

Bronchospasm, bradycardia, AV heart block

Question 9

How do alpha2 agonists lower IOP in patients with glaucoma?

Answer 9

Decreasing aqueous humor production and possibly by increasing the outflow

Question 10

How do prostaglandins lower IOP in patients with glaucoma?

Answer 10

Facilitate aqueous humor outflow

Question 11

What is the function of cycloplegics?

Answer 11

Paralyze the ciliary muscle

Question 12

What do mydriatic drugs do to the eyes?

Answer 12

Dilate the pupil

Question 13

What do anticholinergic drugs cause in patients with glaucoma and how?

Answer 13

Cycloplegia
Block muscarinic receptors on the ciliary muscle and cause mydriasis by blocking those same receptors on the iris sphincter

Question 14

What effect do anticholinergic drugs have by paralyzing the ciliary muscle?

Answer 14

Prevent the eye from focusing for near vision

Question 15

What effect do anticholinergic drugs have by paralyzing the iris sphincter?

Answer 15

Prevent the pupil from constricting in response to bright light (photophobia results)

Question 16

How does phenylephrine, an adrenergic agonist, cause mydriasis?

Answer 16

Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors on the radial (dilator) muscle of the iris

Question 17

What is age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)?

Answer 17

A progressive disease that blurs the central vision and thereby limits perception of fine detail

Question 18

What are the two forms of ARMD?

Answer 18

Wet (neovascular) - more severe
Dry (atrophic) - more common

Question 19

What drugs can be used on patients with dry ARMD to prevent it from developing into wet ARMD?

Answer 19

Prophylactic treatment with high-dose antioxidants and zinc

Question 20

How can wet ARMD be treated?

Answer 20

Laser therapy
Photodynamic therapy
Angiogenesis inhibitors

Question 21

What are the three most effective angiogenesis inhibitors for ARMD?

Answer 21

Aflibercept
Ranibizumab
Bevacizumab

Question 22

What effect do topical glucocorticoids have in patients with dermatologic disorders?

Answer 22

Relieve inflammation and itching

Question 23

What can the prolonged use of glucocorticoids result in?

Answer 23

Atrophy of the dermis and epidermis

Question 24

What are the principal concerns in patients who may have absorbed enough topical glucocorticoids to lead to systemic toxicity?

Answer 24

Growth delay
Adrenal suppression

Question 25

What are some examples of keratolytic agents?

Answer 25

Salicylic acid, sulfur, benzoyl peroxide

Question 26

What do keratolytic agents promote?

Answer 26

Shedding of the horny layer of the skin

Question 27

What are some examples of topical antibiotics?

Answer 27

Benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin, erythromycin

Question 28

What do topical antibiotics do regarding dermatologic diseases?

Answer 28

Help to clear up mild to moderate acne by suppressing growth of P. acnes

Question 29

What are some examples of topical retinoids?

Answer 29

Tretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene