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Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The most important properties of an idea drug are ___, ____, and ___.

A

Effectiveness, safety, and selectivity

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2
Q

Should a drug be used if it is not effective?

A

No

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3
Q

What is the objective of drug therapy?

A

To provide maximum benefit with minimum harm

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4
Q

Drug therapy should be tailored based on what?

A

A client’s individual needs

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5
Q

If something is wrong with a prescribed drug, who is the patient’s last line of defense?

A

Nurse

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6
Q

What are the three goals of pre-administration assessment in regards to collection of data?

A
  1. Evaluation of therapeutic and adverse effect
  2. Identification of high-risk patients
  3. Assessment of the patient’s capacity for self-care
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7
Q

At what three levels are the analysis and diagnosis phase of treatment directed?

A
  1. Judging the appropriateness of the prescribed therapy
  2. Identifying potential health problems treatment might cause
  3. Characterizing the patient’s capacity for self-care
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8
Q

At what three levels is planning directed?

A
  1. Defining goals
  2. Establishing priorities
  3. Establishing criteria for evaluating success
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9
Q

What is the objective at the evaluation stage?

A
  1. Therapeutic responses
  2. Adverse reactions and interactions
  3. Patient adherence
  4. Patient satisfaction with treatment
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10
Q

What trial is the most reliable way to objectively assess drug efficacy and safety?

A

Randomized controlled trial

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11
Q

Phase I (subject and tests)

A

Subject: healthy volunteers
Tests: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and biologic effects

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12
Q

Phase II (subject and tests)

A

Subject: patients
Tests: therapeutic utility and dosage range

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13
Q

Phase III (subject and tests)

A

Subjects: patients
Tests: safety and effectiveness

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14
Q

Phase IV (subject and tests)

A

Subject: patients
Tests: safety and effectiveness

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15
Q

What two groups have been excluded from drug trials?

A

Women and children

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16
Q

When working with a new drug fresh out of trial, what should you look out for?

A

Unreported adverse effects

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17
Q

Which drug name can be more beneficial in using with patient? Why?

A

Generic name
Brand name may not be available internationally; can be more expensive

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18
Q

What are the four basic processes of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion

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19
Q

How do drugs pass through membranes in the body?

A
  1. Pores
  2. Transportation
  3. Direct penetration
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20
Q

Where is P-glycoprotein found?

A

Liver, kidney, placenta, intestines, and brain capillaries

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21
Q

Where do P-glycoproteins transport drugs to?

A

OUT of the cell

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22
Q

Which drugs can pass through the lipid bilayer of a membrane easily?

A

Lipid-soluble drugs

23
Q

In what type of media do acidic drugs ionize?

A

Basic media

24
Q

In what type of media do basic drugs ionize?

A

Acidic

25
Q

What factors can enhance the absorption process?

A

Rapid drug dissolution, high lipid solubility, large surface area, high blood flow at the site of administration

26
Q

What are the advantages of IV administration?

A

Rapid onset
Precise control over the amount of drug entering the blood
Suitability for use with large volumes of fluid
Suitability for irritant drugs

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of IV administration?

A

High cost
Difficulty
Inconvenience
Danger related to irreversibility
Potential for fluid overload, infection, and embolism

28
Q

What are the advantages of IM and SubQ administration?

A

Suitability for insoluble drugs
Suitability for depot preparations

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of IM and SubQ administration?

A

Inconvenience
Potential for discomfort

30
Q

What are the advantages of oral administration?

A

Ease
Convenience
Low cost
Safety

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of oral administration?

A

High variability
Possible inactivation by stomach acid, liver enzymes, and digestive enzymes

32
Q

Which oral formulations are made to release in the small intestine?

A

Enteric-coated

33
Q

These oral formulations are designed to release their contents slowly in order to increase the time between doses. What are they?

A

Sustained-release oral formulations

34
Q

Define drug distribution.

A

Movement of drugs from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and then into cells

35
Q

Define blood-brain barrier.

A

The presence of tight junctions between the cells that compose capillary walls in the CNS

36
Q

What substance do drugs typically bind to in the vascular system?

A

Plasma albumin

37
Q

Where do most drugs metabolize?

A

Liver

38
Q

What system of enzymes catalyze the metabolism of drugs in the liver?

A

Cytochrome P450

39
Q

What is important when metabolizing drugs in the liver?

A

Converting lipid-soluble drugs to more hydrophilic forms to ease the process of their excretion

40
Q

What are some consequences of drug metabolism?

A

Conversion to less active forms
Conversion to more active forms
Conversion of prodrugs to active forms
Conversion of drugs to more/less toxic forms

41
Q

Define substrates.

A

Drugs that are metabolized by the P450 enzyme which can act as an inducer or inhibitor

42
Q

How are plasma levels influenced by drug metabolism?

A

Plasma levels fall as drug metabolism increases

43
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

Some oral drugs are inactivated as they pass through the liver after being absorbed

44
Q

What is enterohepatic recirculation?

A

A detoxification process in the liver where a drug travels through fluids to the duodenum and back to the liver as free drugs are released

45
Q

What are the three steps of renal drug excretion?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Passive tubular reabsorption
  3. Active tubular secretion
46
Q

Why are lipid-soluble drugs less likely to be excreted by the kidneys?

A

Undergo an extensive reabsorption process into the blood where the liver works to convert them into more polar forms

47
Q

Define minimum effective concentration.

A

The lowest amount for which therapeutic effects will occur

48
Q

What is the half-life of a drug?

A

The time required for a certain amount of a drug in the body to decline by 50%

49
Q

About how many half-lives are needed to reach plateau?

A

Four

50
Q

What are some ways to reduce fluctuations in plasma drug levels?

A
  1. Giving smaller doses at shorter intervals
  2. Using a continuous infusion
  3. Using a depot preparation
51
Q

How can plateau be reached quickly with a drug that has a long half-life?

A

Using a loading dose

52
Q

In about how many half-lives will a drug leave the body after administration has been discontinued?

A

Four

53
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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