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Sensory and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receives and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

A

Perception

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3
Q

Stimulus is received through receptors-> Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (also called Transduction) -> Feature detectors analyze stimulus features -> Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation -> neural representation is compared to previously stored info in the brain -> matching process results in recognition and interpretation of stimuli

A

Process of Sensation (Stimulation) to Perception (Interpretation)

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4
Q

Sensory analysis that beings @ entry level, No expectation

A

Bottom Up Processing

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5
Q

Information processing guided by high level mental processes. We filter information through experience and expectation to create a perception.

A

Top Down Processing

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6
Q

Transformation of stimuli into neural impulses recognized by the brain.

A

Transduction

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7
Q

Does transduction include conversion between two energy forms?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Sight, Smell, Sound, Taste, Touch can be effected by transduction regarding sensation and perception?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. (ie. seeing a light far away in the dark, slightest touch) is the…

A

Absolute Threshold

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10
Q

Input below the Absolute Threshold for conscious awareness is called…

A

Subliminal Stimulation

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11
Q

Minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli, half the time. Experience as a noticeable difference between two different levels of one stimuli.

A

Difference Threshold

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12
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

A

Sensory Adaptation

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13
Q

Mental tendencies and assumptions that affect (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel and see is…

A

Our Perceptual Set

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14
Q

What determines our perceptual set?

A

Schemas organize and interpret unfamiliar information through experience, while pre-existing schemas influence top-down processing of ambiguous sensation interpretation.

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15
Q

Motivation and Emotion can influence Perceptions by…

A

Effecting how we perceive certain situations dependant on our state of mind. (If you are tired, a walking distance may be perceived as farther away, a hill can look steeper)

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16
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of the wave to the next peak. (Vertical)

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17
Q

Intensity (Amplitude)

A

Determines amount of energy in a wave. Influences what we perceive as bright or loud. Determined by that amplitude of the wave.

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18
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of colour that is determined by the wave length of light. Hue is the name of the colour.

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19
Q

Light Energy

A

Type of stimulus. We perceive a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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20
Q

What portion of light energy can we perceive. (in nm)

A

700nm - 400nm

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21
Q

The portion of the eye through which light passes (to the pupil and lens)

A

The Cornea

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22
Q

The Pupil is…

A

a small adjustable opening through which the light then passes

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23
Q

The Iris is….

A

A coloured muscle surrounding the pupil that controls its size

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24
Q

Focuses incoming light rays onto an image on the retina

A

The Lens

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25
Q

After entering the eye and being focused by a lens…

A

Light energy particles strike the eye’s inner surface, the retina.

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26
Q

_______ contains receptors: rods and cones.

A

The Retina

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27
Q

_______ has layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

The Retina

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28
Q

Accommodation is…

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

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29
Q

Retinal Processing

A

Light-energy particles trigger chemical reactions in receptor cells.

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30
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white and grey are…

A

Rods

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31
Q

Retinal receptors that are sensitive to movement are…

A

Rods

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32
Q

Rods are…

A

necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (when cones don’t respond)

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33
Q

Which receptor is concentrated near the center of the retina?

A

Cones

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34
Q

Cones…

A

Function in daylight or well-lit conditions, they also detect fine detail and colour

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35
Q

Ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the thalamus, where they synapse with neurons which run to the visual cortex is?

A

The pathway from the eyes to the visual cortex.

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36
Q

Retina’s red, green and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different colour stimuli is the definition of what theory?

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

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37
Q

Opponent-Process Theory is?

A

After the retinal processing finishes with Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the cones responses are processed by opponent-process cells.

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38
Q

Specialized nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement are?

A

Feature Detectors

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39
Q

These cells receive information from the ganglion cells in the retina.

A

Feature Detectors

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40
Q

These cells pass information from the retina to other cortical areas where teams of cells (supercell clusters) respond to more complex patterns.

A

Feature Detectors

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41
Q

The brain delegating the work of processing motion, form, depth and colour to different areas is the definition of?

A

Parallel Processing - > After taking a scene apart, the brain integrates these sub-dimensions into a perceived image.

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42
Q

An organized whole is called a ______ regarding perceptual organization?

A

Gestalt

43
Q

Gestalt psychologists propose principles used to organize sensations into?

A

Meaningful wholes

44
Q

In perception, the gestalt whole can exceed…..

A

The sum of its parts

45
Q

Incoming information is filtered to…

A

construct perceptions.

46
Q

Neckers Cube is an example of ______, peoples tendency to organize pieces of information into an organized.

A

Visual Organization

47
Q

Regarding form perception, the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) is called?

A

Figure-Ground Perception

48
Q

Grouping, the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups includes…

A

Proximity, Continuity, Closure, Similarity

49
Q

Proximity, regarding grouping, is ?

A

the tendency to group nearby figures together

50
Q

Continuity, regarding grouping is?

A

Perceiving smooth, continuous patterns, rather than discontinuous ones

51
Q

Closure, regarding grouping is?

A

Filling in gaps to create a complete, whole object

52
Q

Represents the ability to see objects in three dimension, although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional is?

A

Depth Perception

53
Q

Depth perception

A

Allows us to judge distance

54
Q

Depth perception

A

IS present, at least in part, at birth in humans and other animals

55
Q

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (1960) thought of the “visual cliff” hypothesis which was a test on early 3-D perception, it proved that.

A

Most infants refuse to crawl across the visual cliff; crawling, no matter what, seems to increase an infants fear of heights.

56
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Two eyes help perception of depth

57
Q

Retinal Disparity is

A

the brain comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, calculating distance in the process. Used by 3D film makers.

58
Q

Depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone are called?

A

Monocular Cues

59
Q

Relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion are all

A

Monocular Cues

60
Q

Object being perceived as unchanging (having consistent colour, brightness, shape, and size), even as illumination and retinal images change is called?

A

Perceptual constancy

61
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent colour, even if changing illumination alters the wavelength reflected by the objects is called the?

A

Colour constancy

62
Q

__________ constancy, similarly to the colour constancy, depends on context.

A

Brightness constancy

63
Q

Perceiving the form of familiar objects as constant even when our retinas receive changing images of them is the?

A

Shape constancy

64
Q

Perception of objects as having constant size even when distance from them varies is the?

A

Size constancy

65
Q

Incorrect perceptions that provide information about perceptual processes (eg. converging lines disrupt size constancy) are called?

A

Illusions

66
Q

_______ compress and expand air molecules that create brief pressure changes that can be detected by the ear.

A

Sound waves (environment to the brain)

67
Q

Amplitude of sound waves determines?

A

Intensity (loudness)

68
Q

Length of sound waves determine?

A

Frequency (The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time eg. per second) and Pitch (a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency)

69
Q

_____ is measured in decibels (dB)

A

Sound

70
Q

Short wavelength means?

A

High Frequency (pitched) sounds, blue colours

71
Q

Long wavelength means?

A

Low frequency (pitched) sounds, red colours

72
Q

Great amplitudes means?

A

Loud Sounds, Bright Colours

73
Q

Small amplitudes means?

A

Soft Sounds, Dull Colours

74
Q

_____ are bands of compressed and expanded air?

A

Sound Waves

75
Q

The human ear detects ______, then transform them into neural impulses

A

Sound Waves

76
Q

Sound waves strike the __ ___, causing it to vibrate

A

Ear Drum

77
Q

The cochlea is

A

A coiled, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear.

78
Q

Tiny bones pick up vibrations in the ear drum and transmit them to the _____?

A

Cochlea

79
Q

Ripples in the fluid of the cochlea bend the _____ lining the surface, which triggers impulses in nerve cells.

A

Hair cells

80
Q

Axons from these nerve cells transmit a signal to the _____ ?

A

Auditory cortex.

81
Q

The brain interprets loudness from the number of activated receptors - soft tones activate fewer hair cells is your brain?

A

Responding to loud and soft sounds.

82
Q

Theory that links the pitch heard with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated (best explains high pitches)

A

Place Theory in Hearing

83
Q

Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling its pitch to be sensed. (best explains low pitches)

A

Frequency Theory (temporal theory) in Hearing

84
Q

Combination of what two theories explain pitches in the intermediate range?

A

Place Theory (High Pitches) and Temporal Theory (Low Pitches)

85
Q

Why are two ears better than one?

A

Helps to locate sound (sound waves strike one ear before the other, allowing brains computation of location)

86
Q

Learning, expectation and perceptual bias all effect taste, which?

A

Involves several basic functions, including survival function.

87
Q

Sweet taste indicates

A

energy source

88
Q

Salty taste indicates

A

sodium essential to physiological processes

89
Q

Sour taste indicates

A

Potentially toxic acid

90
Q

Bitter taste indicates

A

Potential poisons

91
Q

Umami taste indicates

A

Proteins to grow and repair tissues

92
Q

Inside each little bump on the top and sides of the tongue are ___ taste buds

A

200+

93
Q

Each bud contains a pore with __-__ taste receptors

A

50-100

94
Q

Each kind of receptor reacts to different types of food molecules and

A

sends messages to the brain.

95
Q

Olfaction is

A

the experience of smell

96
Q

Like taste, smell is a

A

chemical sense

97
Q

Olfactory receptor cells are in the ________ in the nose

A

olfactory bulb

98
Q

A combination of several ________ stimulate different receptors to detect them

A

odor molecules

99
Q

The olfactory cortex processes

A

patterns in smell

100
Q

Information from taste buds travels to an area between the

A

frontal and temporal lobes of the brain

101
Q

Information from taste buds registers in an area not far from where the brain

A

receives info from our sense of smell, which interacts with taste

102
Q

Humans have how many olfactory receptors?

A

20 million

103
Q

The brain’s circuitry for smell also connects with areas involved in?

A

Memory storage, which helps explain why a smell can trigger a memory

Psych (2 decks)

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